Table 3.
Cmax and Tmax of the glucometabolic and inflammatory parameters, and acetaminophen, assessed over 3 h following with-meal consumption of a 2-g blend with mulberry leaf extract (+ MLE) or without (− MLE) with a breakfast meal in people with type 2 diabetes
| Cmax | Tmax | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blend with MLE | Blend without MLE | Comparison + MLE vs − MLE |
Blend with MLE | Blend without MLE | Comparison + MLE vs − MLE | |
| Glucose |
4.4 [4.0, 4.8] mmol/L |
5.2 [4.7, 5.6] mmol/L |
− 0.8 [− 1.2, − 0.3] mmol/L p = 0.0006 |
67.3 [57.0, 77.6] min |
66.4 [56.1, 76.7] min |
1.0 [− 11.4, 13.4] min p = 0.8773 |
| Insulin |
36.4 [27.2, 45.6] μU/mL |
36.8 [27.5, 46.1] μU/mL |
− 0.5 [− 8.0, 7.1] μU/mL p = 0.903 |
100.8 [86.1, 115.6] min |
100.9 [85.9, 116.0] min |
− 0.1 [− 19.6, 19.4] min p = 0.9933 |
| GLP-1 |
12.8 [9.3, 16.3] pmol/L |
10.4 [6.9, 13.9] pmol/L |
2.4 [− 2.2, 6.9] pmol/L p = 0.2919 |
64.8 [43.9, 85.7] min |
50.1 [29.5, 70.6] min |
14.7 [− 14.6, 44.0] min p = 0.3187 |
| GIP |
19.3 [14.0. 24.7] pmol/L |
32.8 [27.6, 38.0] pmol/L |
− 13.5 [− 20.9, − 6.0] pmol/L p = 0.0006 |
78.5 [59.8, 97.1] min |
82.8 [64.4, 101.1] min |
− 4.3 [− 30.3, 21.8] min p = 0.7424 |
| IL-6 |
1.4 [0.9, 1.9] pg/mL |
0.9 [0.4, 1.3] pg/mL |
0.5 [− 0.1, 1.2] pg/mL p = 0.1194 |
125.3 [86.3, 164.2] min |
119.5 [83.1, 155.9] min |
5.8 [− 33.3, 44.8] min p = 0.7577 |
| Acetaminophen |
12,625 [11,198, 14,051] ng/mL |
12,600 [11,173, 14,026] ng/mL |
25 [− 1124, 61,175] ng/mL p = 0.9647 |
50.8 [37.8, 63.8] min |
36.8 [23.8, 49.8] min |
14.0 [− 1.9, 29.8] min p = 0.0810 |
Data given as mean [95% CI]
MLE mulberry leaf extract, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1, GIP glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, IL-6 interleukin-6