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. 2023 Mar 16;13:1132647. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1132647

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Copyright © 2023 Zhang, Niu, Hooker–Romera, Shabani, Ramelow, Wang, Butler, James and Li

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Confocal immunofluorescence assays confirm P. falciparum α-tubulin-1 protein on the live ookinete surface. (A) α-tubulin-1 was detected on the live ookinete surface and not on the gametocyte surface. (B) Higher magnification showing the ookinete invasion apparatus of the ookinete (protrusion) and the strongest signals (red dots) evenly distributed at the apical polar rings (pointed by white arrows). * is the apical end. (C) Two rings at the apical region displayed the highest pixel density of red color.