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. 2023 Mar 31;23:106. doi: 10.1186/s12890-023-02364-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Relationship between sputum hBD-2 levels and the pathogen colonization status (Only Bact+, Only Vir+, Both+, Both-) in exacerbations. (A) The relative change in sputum hBD-2 level from baseline to exacerbations was calculated as per status. The relative change in sputum hBD-2 level was compared among patients according to the status at baseline. (B, C) The sputum hBD-2 levels were compared at the time of exacerbation, and (B) relative change in sputum hBD-2 level (C) was compared in patients according to the colonization status at the time of exacerbation. Statistical methods: Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine significance (for more details about Fig. 4, see Additional file 1: Table S6)