Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study | Country & Clinical Guideline |
Setting | Methods | N | Audit period | Diagnosis | Treatment description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Addington et al. [35] |
Canada Canadian Psychiatric Association |
2 hospital outpatient clinics and 1 community mental heath clinic | Medical record review | 216 | 2010–2011 | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder + comorbid substance use disorder | Individual and/or group therapy + Family treatment, FI minimum 4 sessions |
| Bedard et al. [49] |
Canada Canadian Psychiatric Association |
Early Intervention | Audit of care pathway forms | 108 | ’12 month time period’ | First episode psychosis | FI, psychoeducation |
| Bioque et al. [33] |
Spain Catalan Agency for Health Technology, Assessment and Research |
Multicenter, mostly tertiary University Hospitals | Treatment was recorded at each assessment visit | 119 | 10.2012–12.2015 | Schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder | CBT + FI + Cognitive Remediation |
| Breitborde et al. [19] |
United States of America APA; American Psychiatric Association & PORT; Patient Research Outcomes Team |
Early Intervention | Audit, not specified | 68 | 6 months | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder or affective disorder with psychotic features | CBTp + FI + Metacognitive remediation therapy |
| Clarke et al. [20] |
Ireland HSE; Health Service Executive |
Community-based mental health service, patients presenting to one of four General Adult Sectors with first episode psychosis | Audit, not specified | 66 | 2002–2012 | Schizophrenia, acute and transient psychotic episode, psychosis, drug-induced psychosis, mania with psychotic symptoms, severe depression with psychosis, delusional disorder, schizoaffective disorder | CBT + FI, family behavioural therapy and family education |
| Coentre et al. [30] |
Portugal No national schizophrenia clinical guideline |
Early Intervention | Audit, not specified | 39 | 09.2017–09.2018 | Schizophrenia, brief psychotic disorder, psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, major depressive disorder with psychotic features, bipolar disorder type 1 manic episode, cannabis induced psychotic disorder | CBTp |
| Coleman et al. [36] |
United States of America APA; American Psychiatric Association & PORT; Patient Research Outcomes Team |
Healthcare systems participating in the Mental Health Research Network | Audit of insurance claims and electronic medical record databases | 35,812 | 2010–2011 | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder + other psychosis | Psychotherapy |
| Colling et al. [29] |
United Kingdom (England only) NICE; National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence |
Early Intervention + Promoting Recovery | Audit of electronic health care records | 2579 | 07.2012–07.2013 | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder + other schizophrenia spectrum disorder | CBTp, at least one session |
| Cotter et al. [50] |
United Kingdom (England only) NICE; National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence |
Early Intervention | Audit, not specified | 165 | 04.2012–03.2013 | First episode psychosis | FI, uptake in first 3 months in service |
| Dubreucq et al. [32] |
France No national schizophrenia clinical guideline |
Stabilised outpatients recruited from FondaMental Advanced Centers of Expertise for Schizophrenia cohort | Audit, not specified | 183 | Baseline + 1 Year follow up | Schizophrenia + schizoaffective disorder | CBTp + Cognitive remediation therapy |
| Fischler et al. [24] |
Canada Canadian Psychiatric Association |
326-bed public teaching hospital specializing severe mental illness | Audit, not specified | 326 | 04.2014–03.2015 | Schizophrenia + schizoaffective disorder | CBTp |
| Greenfield et al. [27] |
United Kingdom (England only) NICE; National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence |
Early Intervention (over 35’s only) | Review of electronic health records + discussion with clinicians | 72 | 2011–2014 | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, manic psychosis, depressive psychosis, PTSD, organic psychosis, drug induced psychotic disorder | CBTp, ‘formal in past year’ |
| Haddock et al. [23] |
United Kingdom (England only) NICE; National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence |
Community Mental Health teams | Audit of electronic records | 187 | 11.2009–11.2010 | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder | CBTp + FI |
| Harvey et al. [28] |
Australia RANZCP; Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatry |
Public specialised mental health services, non-government organisations, clinical services | Service user survey | 1825 | 03.2009–03.2010 | Psychosis | CBTp, ‘evidence-based level’ at least 8 sessions + FI, family psychoeducation at least 6 sessions |
| Johns et al. [22] |
United Kingdom (England only) NICE; National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence |
Promoting Recovery + Early Intervention | Audit of self-report + electronic health records | 6369 | 11.2012–10.2015 | Schizophrenia spectrum, bipolar, psychotic depression and other (psychosis) | CBTp, started by end of referral period |
| Mason et al. [34] |
United Kingdom (England only) NICE; National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence |
Large secondary care mental healthcare provider | Audit of electronic healthcare records | 20,078 | 01.2007 – 06.2020 | ICD-10-defined schizophrenia spectrum disorder (F20–F29) | CBTp |
| Molag et al. [31] |
The Netherlands Trimbos Institute |
Flexible Assertive Community Treatment (FACT) teams | Audit, not specified | 60 | 2012 – not specified | Schizophrenia | CBTp + FI |
| North et al. [51] |
United States of America APA; American Psychiatric Association & PORT; Patient Research Outcomes Team |
Early Intervention | Audit of monthly service use data collected from billing records | 35 | 02.2015 – 03. 2016 | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder (with psychosis), major depressive disorder (with psychosis) | FI, at least monthly family peer recovery support services |
| Oluwoye et al. [37] |
United States of America APA; American Psychiatric Association & PORT; Patient Research Outcomes Team |
Early Intervention | Audit, not specified | 211 | 2015–2019 | Schizophrenia-spectrum disorder + other psychotic disorders including delusion disorder | FI, at least one session during 24-month period |
| Rathod et al. [21] |
United Kingdom (England only) NICE; National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence |
Early Intervention | Audit of routinely collected clinical data | 124 | 2017–2018 | Not stated | CBTp + FI, taken up within 6 months |
| Royal college of psychiatrists, [25] |
United Kingdom (England only) NICE; National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence |
Early Intervention | Service user survey to random sample | 10,560 | 2019–2020 | First episode psychosis | CBTp + FI, at least one session |
| Royal college of psychiatrists, [26] |
United Kingdom (Wales only) NICE; National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence |
Early Intervention | Service user survey to random sample | 205 | 2019–2020 | First episode psychosis | CBTp + FI, at least one session |