Agarwal 2016.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	68 newborn VLBW infants with moderate respiratory distress (Silverman score 4 to 7) treated with CPAP 5 to 7 cm H₂O (as primary support)
Interventions	Bubble (Fisher & Paykel): N = 34 Ventilator (Newport): N = 34 Various nasal CPAP prongs (Argyle, Hudson Binasal or Fisher & Paykel) were used.
Outcomes	CPAP failure (persistent hypoxia with FiO₂ > 0.6 or requiring mechanical ventilation) Death before discharge Receipt of surfactant Duration of CPAP use Pneumothorax Nasal trauma (septal necrosis)
Notes	Setting: Delhi, India (2009 to 2011) Funding: no specific funding
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Computer generated
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed, and stapled envelopes
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Open‐label
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Outcome reporting complete.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Unlikely (comprehensive)
Other bias	Low risk	No evidence of an imbalance in baseline demographics