Bhatti 2015.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	170 preterm neonates (< 34 weeks') with respiratory distress within 6 hours after birth treated with CPAP 5 to 7 cm H₂O (as primary support)
Interventions	Bubble ("stand‐alone" system with Fisher & Paykel interface): N = 90 Ventilator (Jet‐CPAP, Phoenix Medical Systems): N = 80 Short binasal prongs were the nasal interface.
Outcomes	CPAP failure within 72 hours (persistent hypoxia with FiO₂ > 0.6 requiring endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation or nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation) Receipt of surfactant Death before discharge Duration of CPAP use Pneumothorax Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Retinopathy of prematurity Intraventricular haemorrhage (grade II to IV) Necrotising enterocolitis Nasal trauma (moderate‐severe as per "Nasal Injury Score")
Notes	Setting: Chandigarh, India (2011 to 2012) Funding: not stated
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Computer generated ("web‐based")
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Serially numbered, sealed, and opaque envelopes
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Open‐label
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Outcome reporting complete.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Unlikely (comprehensive)
Other bias	Low risk	No evidence of an imbalance in baseline demographics