Table 1.

Non- pharmacological Treatments of CKD-A-RLS.

MODE OF TREATMENT	NUMBER OF PATIENTS	TYPE OF STUDY	DURATION OF TREATMENT	RESULTS	SIDE EFFECTS
Aerobic exercise [37]	Treatment 7 Control 7	Prospective, Open label	16 weeks	Reduced IRLS score by 42% Improved QoL: P = 0.03 Functional ability: P = 0.02 Sleep quality P = 0.01	None
Aerobic exercise [38]	Treatment 13 Control 13 All on hemodialysis	Prospective, Open label	16 weeks Bicycling 3 times/week	IRLS scores improved on week 16; no improvement of quality of life	None
Glycerin and lavender oil massage [39]	Glycerin 35 Lavender 35 Control 35 All on hemodialysis	Prospective Open label	45 minute, 3 times a week for one month	At the end of the study, both glycerin and lavender oil significantly improved symptoms (P < 0.05)	None
Lavender oil and sweet orange oil massage [40]	Lavender 35 Sweet orange 35 Control 35 All on hemodialysis	Double blind, Controlled	3 weeks, 3 times a week	At the end of the study, both glycerin and sweet orange significantly improved symptoms (P < 0.001)	None
Lavender oil massage [41]	Lavender 21 Control 21	Double blind Controlled	4 weeks	At the end of the study, lavender oil significantly improved symptoms (P < 0.0001)	None
Lavender oil massage [42]	Lavender 31 Control 26 (baby oil)	Placebo Controlled	10 minutes massage, 3 times per week for 4 weeks	RLS severity decreased and QoL improved significantly in the lavender group (P < 0.001)	None
Lavender oil massage [43]	Lavender 29 Control 30	Placebo Controlled	10 minutes, 3 times per week	RLS severity significantly decreased in the lavender group (P < 0.0001)	None
Application of infrared light at acuopoints [44]	Treatment 30 Control 30	Single blind Prospective	3 times per week for 3 weeks	Reduced IRLSRS scores but only during treatment	None