Table 3.
Study characteristics of longitudinal studies
| First author, year | Study duration | Sample size | Age, mean (SD) | Female, number (%) | Neuroimaging modality | CSVD markers | Gait and falls measures | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baloh, 2003 [63] | 8–10 years | 59 | 78.5 (3.7) | 25 (42.4%) | 1.5T MRI | WMH volume and grade (Victoroff scale) | GAIT: Tinetti score | 7 |
| Briley, 2000 [64] | 6–36 months | 221 | 67.6 (10.8) | 3 (1%) | CT | WMH grade (Rotterdam Study scale); infarcts (size, vascular distribution and type [i.e. cortical versus subcortical only]) | GAIT: Gait score | 6 |
| Callisaya, 2013 [66] | 30.6 months, SD 4.9 | 225 | 71.4 (6.8) | 98 (45.6%) | 1.5T MRI | WMH volume; infarcts (number) | GAIT: Speed, step length, cadence, step width, 4.6 m | 10 |
| Callisaya, 2014 [82] | 12 months | 655 | 74.5 (6.7) | 319 (48.7%) | 1.5T MRI | WMH volume; infarcts (number) | FALLS: Number of falls | 8 |
| Callisaya, 2015 [65] | 2.5 years, SD 0.4 | 187 | 70.5 (6.5) | 68 (50.0%) | 1.5T MRI | WMH volume | GAIT: Speed, 4.6 m FALLS: Number of falls over 12 months |
7 |
| Heiland, 2021 [81] | 6.0 years, SD 1.4 | 331 | 68.9 (8.3) | 198 (58.3%) | 1.5T MRI | CSVD score (3-point scale), WMH volume, PVS grade, lacune count | GAIT: Speed, 2.44 m | 9 |
| Kreisel, 2013 [67] | 3 years | 639 | 74.1 (5.0) | 351 (54.93%) | 0.5T and 1.5T MRI | ARWMC grade (Fazekas scale) | GAIT: SPPB | 7 |
| Moscufo, 2012 [68] | 1.9 years, SD 0.4 | 77 | 82 (4) | 46 (60%) | 3.0T MRI | WMH volume, as % ICV | GAIT: Tinetti score; SPPB | 9 |
| Pinter, 2018 [69] | 3 years | 443 | 72.5 (0.7) | 199 (44.9%) | 1.5T MRI | WMH volume | GAIT: Speed, chair stand time, standing balance time, 6 m | 8 |
| Rosano, 2005 [70] | 4 years | 2,450 | 74.4 (4.7) | 1,397 (57%) | 0.35T and 1.5T MRI | WMH (10-point visual rating scale); Small brain infarcts (presence/absence) | GAIT: Motor performance (speed, timed chair stand); self-reported physical impairment (difficulty walking half a mile or with one or more activities of daily living), 15 feet | 8 |
| Rosso, 2017 [71] | 6 years | 2,703 | 74.4 (4.8) | 1,521 (56.3%) | 1.5T and 3.0T MRI | WMH (10-point visual rating scale) | GAIT: Speed, self-reported mobility disability defined as unable to walk 0.8 km, 15 feet | 8 |
| Silbert, 2008 [72] | 9.1 years, SD 4.0 | 104 | 85.1 (5.6) | 64 (61.50%) | 1.5T MRI | WMH volume | GAIT: Tinetti score; time to walk, number of steps, 9 m | 6 |
| Soumare, 2009 [73] | 8 years | 1702 | 72.4 (4.1) | 1,031 (60.6%) | 1.5T MRI | WMH volume; lacunar infarcts (presence/absence) | GAIT: Time to walk, gait speed; Tinetti score, 6 m | 9 |
| Srikanth, 2009 [74] | 12 months | 294 | 73.0 (7.0) | 131 (44.6%) | 1.5T MRI | WMH volume | GAIT: Speed, cadence, step length, step width, double support time, variability of stride, 4.2 m length, time and width FALLS: Incident falls (first fall in 12 months after study onset) |
8 |
| Sullivan, 2021 [75] | 6.51 years | 1859 | median 76.7, IQR 72.0 to 80.0 | 1,115 (60%) | 3.0T MRI | WMH volume; Infarct (presence/absence); CMB (number) | GAIT: Speed, 4 m | 9 |
| van der Holst, 2017 [77] | 5.4 years SD 0.2 | 310 | 63.3 (8.4) | 137 (44.2%) | 1.5T MRI | WMH volume; lacunes (number); CMB (number) | GAIT: Speed, stride length and cadence, 5.6 m | 10 |
| van der Holst, 2018 [76] | 5.4 SD 0.2 | 275 | 62.5 (8.20 | 120 (43.6%) | 1.5T MRI | WMH volume; lacunes (number); CMB (number) | GAIT: Speed, stride length, cadence, 5.6 m | 9 |
| Willey, 2013 [78] | 2 years | 701 | 80.3 (5.6) | 471 (67.2%) | 1.5T MRI | WMH volume; silent brain infarcts (presence/absence) | GAIT: Speed, 4 m | 9 |
| Wolfson, 2005 [79] | 19–22 months | Control: 7; Impaired Mobility: 7 | Control: 81 (1.7); Impaired Mobility: 84 (3.4) | Control: 1 (14.3%); Impaired Mobility: 4 (57.1%) | 1.5T MRI | Volume of WM signal abnormalities normalised to ICV | GAIT: SPPB; single stance time, tandem stance time, functional base of support and gait velocity | 8 |
| Zhang, 2020 [80] | 1 year | Fallers: 16; Non-fallers: 78 | Fallers: 76.6 (7.2); Non-fallers: 68.4 (7.4) | Fallers: 7 (43.8%); Non-Fallers: 43 (55.1%) | 3.0T MRI | WMH grade (Fazekas score) | GAIT: Tinetti score, Berg Balance Scale score and TUG test | 8 |
ARWMC, age-related white matter changes; ICV, intracranial volume.