Table 1. Clinical characteristics of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus.
| N = 1085 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 32.9 ± 5.3 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 5.6 | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI category (kg/m2) | ||
| Low weight (<18) | 1.5% (16/1085) | |
| Normal weight (18-24.9) | 34.5% (374/1085) | |
| Overweight (25-29.9) | 34.6% (375/1085) | |
| Obese (≤30) | 29.5% (320/1085) | |
| Multiparous | 13.9% (151/1085) | |
| Gestation at GDM diagnosis (weeks)* | 25 (19-27) | |
| Metformin therapy | 5.2% (56/1085) | |
| Insulin therapy | 36.3% (395/1085) | |
| Timing of insulin initiation (weeks)* | 30 (23-32) | |
| Total daily insulin dose (units)* | 23 (14–27) | |
| Gestational weight gain (IOM) | ||
| Insufficient | 35.5% (380/1069) | |
| Adequate | 32.9% (352/1069) | |
| Excessive | 31.5% (337/1069) | |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 38.5 ± 1.5 | |
| Prematurity | 7.8% (85/1085) | |
| Neonatal birth weight (g) | 3188.5 ± 49.5 | |
| Small for gestational age (SGA)1 | 12.4% (134/1085) | |
| Large for gestational age (LGA)1 | 4.5% (49/1085) | |
| Macrosomia | 4.8% (52/1085) | |
| Apgar score at 1 minutes* | 9 (8–9) | |
| Apgar score at 5 minutes* | 10 (10–10) | |
| At least one adverse neonatal outcome | 19.2% (208/1067) | |
| Neonatal respiratory distress | 2.7% (18/671) | |
| Neonatal hypoglycaemia | 4.8% (51/1065) | |
| Neonatal jaundice | 9.0% (98/1085) | |
| Shoulder dystocia, fractures and Erb's palsy | 1.3% (14/1085) | |
| Admission to neonatal intensive care unit | 4.5% (49/1085) | |
| Congenital malformations | 2.0% (22/1085) | |
| Perinatal death | 0.2% (2/1085) | |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise indicated by
*
corresponding to data presented as median, 25th and 75th percentiles. BMI: body mass index; SGA: SMALL for gestational age; LGA: large for gestational age.
1
Fenton chart.