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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Resuscitation. 2022 Dec 21;185:109673. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.109673

Table 2.

Event Characteristics by Calcium Use

Calcium use
No (N = 650) Yes (N = 450) P-value
Pre-event characteristics
 Illness category 0.0022
  Medical cardiac 161 (24.8%) 106 (23.6%)
  Surgical cardiac 193 (29.7%) 178 (39.6%)
  Non-cardiac 296 (45.5%) 166 (36.9%)
 Baseline PCPC score1 0.0674
  1 - Normal 375 (57.7%) 294 (65.3%)
  2 - Mild disability 127 (19.5%) 70 (15.6%)
  3 - Moderate disability 77 (11.8%) 38 (8.4%)
  4 - Severe disability 63 (9.7%) 44 (9.8%)
  5 - Coma/vegetative state 8 (1.2%) 4 (0.9%)
 Baseline FSS1 7.0 [6.0, 11.0] 6.0 [6.0, 9.0] 0.0053
 Vasoactive inotropic score 2 hours prior to the event <.0013
  None 425 (65.4%) 214 (47.6%)
  0 – 20 188 (28.9%) 184 (40.9%)
  > 20 37 (5.7%) 52 (11.6%)
 PRISM 2 – 6 hours prior to the event 3.0 [0.0, 8.0] 6.0 [1.0, 12.0] <.0013
  Glasgow Coma Scale 11.0 [5.0, 14.0] 11.0 [3.0, 14.0] 0.4633
  Highest serum potassium (mmol/L) 3.9 [3.4, 4.5] 3.9 [3.3, 4.7] 0.8703
  Hyperkalaemia (potassium ≥6 mmol/L prior to the CPR event) 10 (1.5%) 20 (4.4%) 0.0572
Event characteristics
 Location of CPR Event 0.0052
  PICU 339 (52.2%) 195 (43.3%)
  CICU 311 (47.8%) 255 (56.7%)
 Duration of CPR (minutes) 3.0 [1.0, 7.0] 21.0 [9.0, 45.0] <.0013
 Duration of CPR (minutes) <.0012
  <6 439 (67.5%) 67 (14.9%)
  6–15 116 (17.8%) 107 (23.8%)
  16–35 58 (8.9%) 126 (28.0%)
  >35 37 (5.7%) 150 (33.3%)
 CPR time5 0.3952
  Weekday 337 (51.8%) 246 (54.7%)
  Weeknight 124 (19.1%) 90 (20.0%)
  Weekend 189 (29.1%) 114 (25.3%)
 First documented rhythm 0.0022
  Asystole 73 (11.2%) 48 (10.7%)
  Bradycardia with pulses 365 (56.2%) 203 (45.1%)
  Pulseless electrical activity 162 (24.9%) 157 (34.9%)
  Ventricular fibrillation 15 (2.3%) 17 (3.8%)
  Ventricular tachycardia 35 (5.4%) 25 (5.6%)
 Immediate cause
  Hypotension 278 (42.8%) 311 (69.1%) <.0012
  Respiratory decompensation 393 (60.5%) 204 (45.3%) <.0012
  Cyanosis without respiratory decompensation 29 (4.5%) 20 (4.4%) 1.0002
  Arrhythmia 102 (15.7%) 91 (20.2%) 0.0532
 Interventions in place
  Central venous catheter 419 (64.5%) 331 (73.6%) 0.0022
  Vasoactive infusion 275 (42.3%) 292 (64.9%) <.0012
  Invasive mechanical ventilation 429 (66.0%) 347 (77.1%) <.0012
  Non-invasive ventilation 131 (20.2%) 70 (15.6%) 0.0572
 Sternum open at start of CPR event 46 (7.1%) 60 (13.3%) <.0012
 Sternum opened during CPR event 12 (1.8%) 39 (8.7%) <.0012
 Pharmacologic interventions during CPR
  Adrenaline (Epinephrine) 425 (65.4%) 447 (99.3%) <.0012
  Adrenaline bolus administered in ≤ 5 minutes 405/425 (95.3%) 414/447 (92.6%) 0.1192
  Atropine 62 (9.5%) 61 (13.6%) 0.0412
  Sodium bicarbonate 148 (22.8%) 380 (84.4%) <.0012
  Vasopressin 6 (0.9%) 35 (7.8%) <.0012
  Amiodarone 11 (1.7%) 29 (6.4%) <.0012
  Lidocaine 16 (2.5%) 29 (6.4%) 0.0022
Fluid bolus 91 (14.0%) 192 (42.7%) <.0012
Post-CPR characteristics
 ECMO within 6-hours6 37/592 (6.3%) 34/305 (11.1%) 0.0132
 ECMO within 24-hours6 47/592 (7.9%) 45/305 (14.8%) <.0012
 Highest arterial lactate (mmol/L) (0 – 6 hours) 5.4 [2.2, 10.2] 10.3 [5.7, 16.1] <.0013
 Highest arterial lactate (mmol/L) (6 – 24 hours) 2.3 [1.3, 5.1] 4.1 [2.2, 8.5] <.0013

PCPC = Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category; FSS = functional status scale; PRISM = Pediatric Risk of Mortality; CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation; PICU = pediatric intensive care unit; CICU = cardiac intensive care unit; ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

1

Baseline PCPC and FSS represent the child’s status prior to the event leading to hospitalization.

2

Fisher’s exact test.

3

Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

4

Cochran-Armitage test for trend.

5

Weekday is between 7 AM and 11 PM Monday - Friday; weeknight is between 11 PM and 7 AM Monday - Thursday; Weekend is from 11 PM on Friday through 7 AM on the following Monday.

6

Denominator does not include those who transitioned to ECMO as their immediate outcome of CPR event.