Table 2.
Correlates of healthcare service utilisation (Logistic regression models)
| Characteristics | Unadjusted OR | 2009 | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | Unadjusted OR | 2017 | Adjusted OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 95% CI | 95% CI | |||||||
| Age | ||||||||
| 15–24 years (ref.) | ||||||||
| 25–39 years | 1.204 | (0.894–1.622) | 1.2 | (0.861–1.673) | 0.893 | (0.723–1.104) | 1.006 | (0.794–1.274) |
| 40–64 years | 1.125 | (0.857–1.477) | 1.028 | (0.740–1.430) | 0.655*** | (0.542–0.791) | 0.668*** | (0.539–0.826) |
| 65 + years | 0.362*** | (0.234–0.561) | 0.247*** | (0.143–0.427) | 0.197*** | (0.148–0.261) | 0.158*** | (0.113–0.220) |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male (ref.) | ||||||||
| Female | 1.655*** | (1.343–2.039) | 1.546*** | (1.236–1.935) | 1.514*** | (1.298–1.766) | 1.387*** | (1.175–1.639) |
| Self-Assessed Health | ||||||||
| Excellent (ref.) | ||||||||
| Very good | 1.335 | (0.85–2.097) | 1.247 | (0.776–2.004) | 1.421* | (1.042–1.939) | 1.347 | (0.983–1.847) |
| Good | 1.880** | (1.200–2.945) | 1.498 | (0.934–2.401) | 2.098*** | (1.582–2.782) | 1.779*** | (1.336–2.370) |
| Fair | 4.105*** | (2.614–6.446) | 2.984*** | (1.834–4.854) | 3.142*** | (2.318–4.260) | 2.481*** | (1.797– 3.427) |
| Poor | 4.653*** | (2.668–8.114) | 2.707** | (1.44–5.090) | 6.42*** | (4.484–9.193) | 3.933*** | (2.666– 5.800) |
| Mental Illness (K10 > = 20) | ||||||||
| No (ref.) | ||||||||
| Yes | 5.330*** | (4.273–6.649) | 3.883*** | (3.076–4.903) | 6.128*** | (5.136–7.311) | 4.321*** | (3.596– 5.191) |
| Household yearly disposable income quintile | ||||||||
| Poorest (ref.) | ||||||||
| Poorer | 0.9 | (0.655–1.236) | 1.044 | (0.715–1.524) | 0.879 | (0.697–1.108) | 0.859 | (0.672– 1.098) |
| Middle | 0.768 | (0.556–1.059) | 0.868 | (0.584–1.289) | 0.825 | (0.666–1.022) | 0.868 | (0.668–1.129) |
| Richer | 0.651** | (0.470–0.902) | 0.756 | (0.515–1.110) | 0.782 | (0.604–1.013) | 0.966 | (0.721–1.295) |
| Richest | 0.664** | (0.487–0.906) | 0.781 | (0.527–1.158) | 0.819 | (0.646–1.037) | 1.135 | (0.863–1.493) |
| Education | ||||||||
| Year 12 or below (ref.) | ||||||||
| Professional Qualification | 1.015 | (0.803–1.283) | 1.259 | (0.969–1.637) | 0.847* | (0.732–0.980) | 0.946 | (0.804–1.112) |
| University Qualification | 1.129 | (0.864–1.476) | 1.441* | (1.073–1.935) | 0.781* | (0.638–0.956) | 0.983 | ( 0.754–1.283) |
| Labour Force Status | ||||||||
| Employed (ref.) | ||||||||
| Unemployed | 3.155*** | (2.030–4.903) | 2.461*** | (1.492–4.059) | 2.199*** | (1.558–3.105) | 1.452 | (0.969– 2.175) |
| Not in Labour Force (NLF) | 1.376** | (1.106–1.712) | 1.379* | (1.051–1.811) | 1.212* | (1.027–1.430) | 1.49*** | (1.226–1.812) |
| SEIFA | ||||||||
| Most Disadvantaged (ref.) | ||||||||
| Disadvantaged | 0.755 | (0.529–1.078) | 0.945 | (0.641–1.395) | 0.987 | (0.749–1.301) | 1.197 | (0.861–1.663) |
| Median | 0.931 | (0.674–1.286) | 1.397 | (0.970–0.012) | 1.081 | (0.834–1.4) | 1.338 | (0.976–1.834) |
| Advantaged | 0.907 | (0.655–1.255) | 1.534* | (1.060–2.219) | 1.087 | (0.829–1.425) | 1.532** | (1.107–2.121) |
| Most advantaged | 0.928 | (0.664–1.297) | 1.565* | (1.059–2.314) | 0.882 | (0.669–1.162) | 1.201 | (0.836–1.725) |
| Urbanisation types | ||||||||
| Urban (ref.) | ||||||||
| Rural | 0.479*** | (0.322–0.712) | 0.491*** | (0.324–0.744) | 0.767*** | (0.612–0.962) | 0.772* | (0.603–0.988) |
| Constant | 0.013*** | (0.007–0.025) | 0.028*** | (0.018–0.044) | ||||
***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, and *p < 0.05