Table 1.

List of domestic dogs’ displacement behaviours and references to the literature categorizing them as displacement behaviours/stress indicators or appeasement signals

Displacement behaviours	Classified as displacement behaviours/stress indicators	Classified as appeasement signals
Lips licking	Pastore et al. (2011); Landsberg et al. (2011); Cafazzo et al. (2014)	Rugaas (2006); Pastore et al. (2011); Firnkes et al. (2017)
Nose licking	Väisänen et al. (2005)	Rugaas (2006); Mariti et al. (2014)
Paw lifting	Väisänen et al. (2005); Pastore et al. (2011)	Rugaas (2006); Kuhne et al. (2014); Mariti et al. (2014)
Yawning	Handelman (2012); Pastore et al. (2011); Landsberg et al. (2011; Cafazzo et al. (2014); Howell and Feyrecilde (2018); Townsend and Gee (2021)	Rugaas (2006); Aloff (2005)
Head turning	Pastore et al. (2011)	Rugaas (2006); Mariti et al. (2014); Kuhne et al. (2014)
Sniffing	Aloff (2005); Handelman (2012); Howell and Feyrecilde (2018); Townsend and Gee (2021)	Rugaas (2006); Aloff (2005); Mariti et al. (2014)
Autogrooming and scratching (often coded as unique behaviour)	Handelman (2012); Aloff (2005); Väisänen et al. (2005); Spangenberg et al. (2006); Kuhne et al. (2012); Landsberg et al. (2011); Cafazzo et al. (2014); Howell and Feyrecilde (2018)	Rugaas (2006); Aloff (2005)
Stretching	Väisänen et al. (2005); Spangenberg et al. (2006); Kuhne et al. (2012); Kuhne et al. (2014)
Shaking	Handelman (2012); Kuhne et al. (2012); Kuhne et al. (2014)	Rugaas (2006)
Blinkinga	Handelman (2012); Bremhorst et al. (2019) (considered as stress/frustration signal)	Rugaas (2006); Kuhne et al. (2014); Mariti et al. (2017); Siniscalchi et al. (2018);

^aBlink does not appear in the literature as a displacement behaviour in dogs but has been considered a stress and frustration indicator and is analogous in its nature to self-directed displacement behaviours (e.g., scratching, nose lick)