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. 2023 Mar 4;26(3):727–754. doi: 10.1007/s10071-023-01762-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Examples of various experimental setups and equipment that can be used to investigate perception of emotion cues in dogs (pictures selected may not be from studies on perception of emotion cues as they are for illustrative purposes only). Experimental setups from: A Correia-Caeiro et al. (2020, 2021), B Barber et al. (2016), C Kis et al. (2017), D Ogura et al. (2020), E Faragó et al. (2010), F Lind et al. (2017), G Muller et al. (2015), H Albuquerque et al. (2021). Image 4-B and 4-G courtesy of Ludwig Huber. 1: Owner sitting behind or next to the dog, 2: Dog participant, 3: Frame for free-range of motion for the eye-tracker, 4: Eye-tracker camera, 5: Infrared camera, 6: Back-projected stimuli, 7: Experimenter facing away from the dog, 8: Eye-tracker target for eye triangulation, 9: LCD display, 10: Chin-rest, 11: Canvas with front-projected stimuli, 12: Speaker, 13: Grey board to pin stimuli, 14: Separator between stimuli pair, 15: Paper printed stimuli, 16: Touchscreen, 17: Owner involved in the task, 18: Experimenter performing emotional displays for the task