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. 2023 Mar 31;14(3):229. doi: 10.1038/s41419-023-05756-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — In the CRC microenvironment, Nodal is abundantly overexpressed and secreted by CRC cells, which subsequently activates the Smad2/3 signalling pathway. Activation of the Smad2/3 signalling pathway increases the expression of SCD1 at the transcriptional level, thereby increasing fatty acid desaturation. This contributes to the resistance of tumour cells to ferroptosis and promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.