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. 2023 Mar 31;14:1800. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36808-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 10 — A Surgical schematic and experimental timeline. B Representative image of viral infection in LHb. Similar viral infection was reproduced in n = 59 mice. C Social preference in the 3-chamber sociability test, p_DiD = 0.0317 D Social novelty preference in the 3-chamber sociability test, LHb females, p_DiD = 0.2023, p_virus = 0.2472, p_virusXDiD = 0.0016. E Social preference in 3-chamber sociability test, LHb males. F Social novelty preference in the 3-chamber sociability test, LHb males, p_virus = 0.0298. G Acoustic startle behavior, LHb females (10 trials/dB). H Acoustic startle behavior 120 dB only, LHb females (10 trials). I Acoustic startle behavior, LHb males (10 trials/dB), p_virus = 0.1033, p_virusXDiD = 0.0028, p_virusXdBXDiD = 0.0043. J Acoustic startle behavior 120 dB only, LHb males (10 trials), p_virusXDiD = 0.0044. K Surgical schematic and experimental timeline. L Representative image of viral infection in BNST. Similar viral infection was reproduced in n = 64 mice. M Social preference in 3-chamber sociability test, BNST females. N Social novelty preference in 3-chamber sociability test, BNST females, p_DiD = 0.0253. O Social preference in the 3-chamber sociability test, BNST males. P Social novelty preference in 3-chamber sociability test, BNST males. Q Acoustic startle behavior, BNST females (10 trials/dB), p_virus = 0.1188, p_virusXdB = 0.0294, p_DiDXdB = 0.0459, p_virusXdBXDiD = 0.045. R Acoustic startle behavior 120 dB only, BNST females (10 trials), p_DiD = 0.0130, p_virusXDiD = 0.2662. S Acoustic startle behavior, BNST males (10 trials/dB). T Acoustic startle behavior 120 dB only, BNST males, p_virus = 0.1282 (10 trials). LHb females, mCherry: water n = 7 mice, DiD n = 8 mice; hM4Di: water n = 6 mice, DiD n = 6 mice. LHb males, mCherry: water n = 8 mice, DiD n = 8 mice; hM4Di: water n = 9 mice, DiD n = 7 mice. BNST females, mCherry: water n = 8 mice, DiD n = 7 mice; hM4Di: water n = 8 mice, DiD n = 9 mice. BNST males, mCherry: water n = 9 mice, DID n = 8 mice; hM4Di water n = 6 mice, DiD n = 9 mice. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. & denotes effect of DiD, # denotes interaction (DiD x virus, #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01), $ denotes effect of virus ($p < 0.05, $$p < 0.01), * denotes post-hoc p < 0.05, ** denotes p < 0.01. CNO: clozapine-n-oxide. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Created with Biorender.com.