Table 1. Neighborhood Characteristics Across Quintiles of Incarceration.
| Characteristic | Census tracts, median (IQR), % of residents | P valuea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First quintile | Second quintile | Third quintile | Fourth quintile | Fifth quintile | ||
| Incarceration rate, No. of residents/100 000 | 19 (0-35) | 75 (60-94) | 151 (129-181) | 339 (283-399) | 698 (571-902) | <.001 |
| No general educational development or equivalent | 12.00 (6.00-19.00) | 13.00 (8.00-21.00) | 18.00 (12.00-27.00) | 21.00 (15.00-32.00) | 28.00 (20.00-38.00) | <.001 |
| Poverty rate | 10.00 (5.90-17.40) | 12.00 (7.60-18.35) | 15.00 (10.20-21.90) | 21.30 (14.05-30.20) | 32.30 (23.70-41.90) | <.001 |
| Race and ethnicityb | ||||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 0.0 (0.0-0.2) | 0.0 (0.0-0.3) | 0.0 (0.0-0.5) | 0.0 (0.0-0.5) | 0.0 (0.0-0.6) | <.001 |
| Asian | 13.40 (5.10-29.40) | 13.10 (5.50-27.50) | 11.30 (4.70-24.20) | 3.40 (0.90-8.05) | 1.90 (0.40-4.70) | <.001 |
| Black | 1.90 (0.80-5.00) | 3.35 (1.40-8.15) | 7.30 (3.00-22.40) | 37.95 (20.35-77.25) | 54.00 (35.10-75.80) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 10.30 (6.20-19.10) | 13.55 (8.30-23.60) | 20.20 (10.10-37.90) | 28.65 (11.65-62.60) | 35.00 (15.10-59.70) | <.001 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 64.10 (43.90-81.40) | 54.70 (25.15-73.95) | 27.80 (5.80-59.30) | 4.85 (1.60-18.45) | 3.10 (0.90-10.90) | <.001 |
| Women aged 18-45 y without insurance | 7.20 (3.80-12.30) | 9.25 (5.30-14.50) | 11.50 (6.70-16.60) | 12.10 (8.85-15.80) | 11.40 (8.10-14.80) | <.001 |
| Violent crime rate, No./1000 residents | 1.31 (0.67-2.65) | 2.07 (1.04-3.34) | 3.11 (1.70-5.21) | 5.39 (3.51-8.12) | 7.99 (5.65-10.90 | <.001 |
a
Difference across groups were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis test of difference between mean ranks across groups.
b
Neighborhood racial demographics do not add up to 100% because they are group medians, and do not include people who identified as more than 1 race.