Table 4. Mean RRs of All-Cause Mortality Due to Alcohol Consumption by Sex (Men or Women) Up to 2022.
| Drinking categories by median age | Studies, No./risk estimates, No. | Unadjusteda | Partially adjustedb | Fully adjustedc | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR (95% CI) | P value | RR (95% CI) | P value | RR (95% CI) | P value | |||
| Men | ||||||||
| Abstainer | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | |
| Any drinker vs abstainer | 73/343 | 1.05 (0.88-1.24 | .52 | 1.05 (0.89-1.22) | .49 | 1.12 (0.95-1.34) | .14 | |
| Former drinker vs abstainer | 20/24 | 1.24 (1.08-1.42) | <.001 | 1.29 (1.20-1.39) | <.001 | 1.39 (1.21-1.58) | <.001 | |
| Active drinker vs abstainer, g/d | 73/319 | 0.97 (0.93-1.01) | .09 | 0.96 (0.92-1.00) | .05 | 1.05 (0.96-1.15) | .27 | |
| Occasional (<1.30) | 13/15 | 0.95 (0.80-1.13) | .58 | 0.93 (0.85-1.01) | .07 | 1.00 (0.91-1.09) | .97 | |
| Low-volume (1.30 to <25) | 66/141 | 0.84 (0.80-0.89) | <.001 | 0.87 (0.84-0.91) | <.001 | 0.94 (0.88-1.01) | .07 | |
| Medium volume (25 to <45) | 54/70 | 0.97 (0.89-1.05) | .43 | 0.94 (0.90-0.98) | .008 | 1.01 (0.93-1.10) | .81 | |
| High volume (45 to <65) | 37/41 | 1.01 (0.91-1.12) | .87 | 1.07 (1.01-1.12) | .01 | 1.15 (1.03-1.28) | .01 | |
| Higher volume (≥65) | 36/52 | 1.35 (1.23-1.48) | <.001 | 1.25 (1.16-1.32) | <.001 | 1.34 (1.23-1.47) | <.001 | |
| Women | ||||||||
| Abstainer | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | |
| Any drinker vs abstainer | 48/226 | 1.12 (0.88-1.44) | .28 | 1.03 (0.85-1.26) | .69 | 1.22 (1.02-1.46) | .04 | |
| Former drinker vs abstainer | 16/22 | 1.16 (0.98-1.37) | .08 | 1.09 (1.03-1.14) | .001 | 1.27 (1.13-1.43) | <.001 | |
| Active drinker vs abstainer, g/d | 47/204 | 0.99 (0.93-1.05) | .64 | 0.88 (0.84-0.92) | <.001 | 1.03 (0.92-1.15) | .65 | |
| Occasional (<1.30) | 15/25 | 0.87 (0.74-1.01) | .08 | 0.83 (0.78-0.88) | <.001 | 0.99 (0.87-1.11) | .82 | |
| Low-volume (1.30 to <25) | 45/106 | 0.87 (0.81-0.94) | <.001 | 0.84 (0.80-0.89) | <.001 | 0.99 (0.90-1.10) | .90 | |
| Medium volume (25 to <45) | 37/42 | 1.16 (1.03-1.31) | .01 | 1.03 (0.96-1.11) | .44 | 1.21 (1.08-1.36) | .001 | |
| High volume (45 to <65) | 17/19 | 1.12 (0.94-1.34) | .21 | 1.13 (0.95-1.35) | .15 | 1.34 (1.11-1.63) | .003 | |
| Higher volume (≥65) | 11/12 | 1.77 (1.41-2.21) | <.001 | 1.37 (1.28-1.47) | <.001 | 1.61 (1.44-1.80) | <.001 | |
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; RR, relative risk.
a
Natural log of the RR estimated using the rate ratio or hazard ratio without weighting and adjusting for between-study variation or covariates.
b
Weighted estimates adjusted for between-study variation.
c
Weighted estimates adjusted for between-study variation, abstainer biases, median age, country in which a study was conducted, study publication year, follow-up years, drinking pattern, and whether studies controlled for heart problem, social status, race, diet, exercise, body mass index, and smoking status.