FIGURE 6.
Evidence supporting a reduction in mortality with pharmacotherapy and non-pharmacotherapy in COPD patients. RCT: randomized controlled trial; ICS: inhaled corticosteroids; IPAP: inspiratory positive airway pressure; LABD: long-acting bronchodilator; LABA: long-acting β2 agonist; LAMA: long-acting anti-muscarinic antagonist; PaO2: arterial partial pressure of oxygen; NPPV: noninvasive positive pressure ventilation; LVRS: lung volume reduction surgery; UC: usual treatment control group. Reproduced with permission from www.goldcopd.org