Fig. 6.

Relationship between AI, ML, and DL, and various ML algorithms applied to Biosensors. CNN Convolutional neural network; DT decision tree; Feedforward ANN Feedforward artificial neural network; GBT Gradient-boosted trees; HCA Hierarchical clustering analysis; κNN κ-nearest neighbour; LDA Linear discriminant analysis; MLR Multiple linear regression; NB Naive Bayes; PCA or PCR Principal component analysis or regression; PLSDA or PLSR Partial least-squares discriminant analysis or regression; RF Random forest; RNN Recurrent neural network; SVM Support vector machine. Reprinted with permission from [129]. Copyright {2020} American Chemical Society