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. 2023 Apr 1;18(1):58. doi: 10.1186/s11671-023-03842-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — Scheme of electrochemical co-detection procedure for S gene RNA, S protein and S protein antibody of SARS-CoV-2 by sandwich approach. The biosensor is composed of three testing parts, each of which consists of a carbon working electrode (WE), a Ag/AgCl reference electrode (RE), and a carbon counter electrode (CE). Selective binding of different concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers to surface-linked capture probes should produce the current change when the specific biomarker was present. The harvested current information was transmitted to the smartphone via wireless connections. The special APP was used for data analysis. Reprinted Chem. Commun., 2022, 58, 6108 [145]