Table 3.

Microfluidic based detection of various viruses using nanomaterials

Nanomaterial	Nanomaterial size	Analyte	Biorecognition element	Method employed	Samples	Linear range	Limit of detection	Detection range	Label type	References
Graphene-GNP composite	GNP-16 nm	Norovirus	Norovirus viral capsid-specific aptamer	Electrochemical	Spiked blood samples	–	100 pM	100 pM to 3.5 nM	Label free	[109]
Gold nanoflowers/Au–Ag coated GaN	20–40 nm/90 nm	Hepatitis B virus	Anti-HBs Ag	SERS	Human blood plasma	0.0125–60 IU/mL	0.01 IU/mL	0–625 IU/mL	Label	[64]
Gold spikes	–	SARS-CoV-2	Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies	LSPR	Plasma samples	–	0.08 ng/mL	0.1–10000 ng/mL	Label free	[30]
Silver nanostructures	20–80 nm	Dengue NS1	Anti-NS1 antibody	LSPR	Whole blood spiked with NS1 antigen	–	0.06 µg/mL	0–50 µg/mL	Label free	[22]
Silver nanotriangle	Side length-152 ± 3 nm height-60 ± 1 nm	SARS-CoV-2	Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protein	LSPR	SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD protein and CoV NL63 virus	2.03 pM to 9420 pM	0.83 pM, 391 pfu/mL	1 pM to 104 pM	Label free	[36]

GNP Gold nanoparticles, SERS Surface enhanced Raman scattering, Au Gold, Ag Silver, Hbs Hepatitis B, SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2, LSPR Localised surface plasmon resonance, NS1 Non-structural protein 1