Table 4.

List of some AI-biosensors for viral diseases detection

Device	Detection principle	Target	Limit of detection	Time (min)	References
Dengue fever
NAAT	QUASR multiplexed RT-LAMP assay	RNA	108–103 pfu/mL	< 40 min	[164]
IoT PCR	PCR	cDNA	–	34 min	[165]
Influenza A
Fluorescent probe based POC	Fluorescence and light guiding	H1N1	138 pg/mL	40 min	[126]
Genosensor	Electrochemical	Hemagglutinin gene	0.002 ng/6 μL	30 min	[166]
Human immunodeficiency virus
EGOFET	Electrochemical	HIV-1 p24 capsid protein	1 fM	–	[167]
Coronavirus-2
Supersandwich-type biosensor	Electrochemical	SARS-CoV-2 RNA	200 copies/mL	–	[168]
Liquid crystal film	Thermotropic Liquid	RNA-CoV2	fM	20 min	[169]
Sensors	Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance	SARS-CoV-2 virus particle	125.28 vp/mL
Others
Plasmon resonance probes	Dark-field microscope	Enterovirus A71	3 copies/μL		[132]
Immunochromatographic strip	LFA	EBOV-GP1−649	200 ng/mL	15 min	[170]
Impedimetric micro-immunosensor	Electrochemical	ZIKV protein	10 pM	40 min	[171]

cDNA Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid, NAAT Nucleic acid amplification tests, QUASR Quenching of unincorporated amplification signal reporters, EGOFET Electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistor, ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, LAMP Loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LFA Lateral flow assay, LFD Lateral flow dipstick, MCFA Microchannel capillary flow assay, RNA Ribonucleic acid, RPA Recombinase polymerase amplification, RT-LAMP Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification, SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome