FIGURE 3.

Onco‐therapeutic opportunities of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) utilizing properties of primary tumor microenvironment (TME) cellular components. (A) For tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), CAP can possibly enhance tumor antigen secretion and enhance CD8⁺ TIL cytotoxicity. (B) For tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs), CAP can potentially repolarize TAMs from the M2 to the M1 state. (C) For cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs), CAP may modulate p53‐driven CAF hierarchy towards enhanced drug sensitivity. (D) For mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), CAP may block MSCs differentiation to CAFs that is associated with reduced cancer stemness. (E) CAP can function as the cargo of MSCs or their derived exosomes for enhanced delivery to the tumor loci, where MSCs are not necessarily originated from the TME.