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Various biophysical and biochemical cues for cell reprogramming. Biophysical factors consist of topographical cues, substrate stiffness, extracellular forces (including mechanical stretching, shear stress, electrical and electromagnetic forces), ligand density/patterning, and 3D microenvironments. Biochemical cues, such as extracellular matrix, growth factors, and small molecules, can be coated or immobilized onto 2D substrates and 3D scaffolds to modulate cell reprogramming.
