. 2023 Feb 14;14(2):1019–1032. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13184

Table 1.

Main characteristics of the study participants.

	Age groups
	Young (20.0–39.9 years)	Middle‐aged (40.0–59.9 years)	Old (≥60.0 years)
Women, n	44	124	10
Age, years	33.2 ± 5.8	46.9 ± 5.2^*, ^a	62.9 ± 2.8^ab
Height, m	1.65 ± 0.05^*	1.65 ± 0.06^*	1.61 ± 0.10^*
Body mass, kg	61.4 ± 8.1^*	63.9 ± 8.9^*	59.5 ± 6.6^*
BMI, kg/m²	22.4 ± 2.4^*	23.3 ± 3.0^*	22.9 ± 3.4^*
Protein, g·kg⁻¹	1.24 ± 0.35	1.29 ± 0.38	1.37 ± 0.32
PAL index	1.73 ± 0.25	1.71 ± 0.16^*	1.59 ± 0.13
EE_sports, MET·h·week⁻¹	26.0 ± 37.4	24.7 ± 30.1	14.8 ± 14.3
Men, n	85	202	24
Age, years	33.1 ± 5.9	47.9 ± 4.9^*, ^a	63.9 ± 2.5^ab
Height, m	1.78 ± 0.06^*	1.77 ± 0.06^*	1.73 ± 0.06^* ^ab
Body mass, kg	76.2 ± 10.6^*	79.8 ± 10.0^*, ^a	78.6 ± 8.3^*
BMI, kg/m²	23.9 ± 2.8^*	25.4 ± 2.7^*, ^a	26.2 ± 2.8^*, ^a
Protein, g·kg⁻¹	1.25 ± 0.35	1.23 ± 0.32	1.31 ± 0.30
PAL index	1.80 ± 0.21	1.79 ± 0.22^*	1.70 ± 0.20
EE_sports, MET·h·week⁻¹	22.2 ± 23.8	23.6 ± 23.7	20.3 ± 20.7

Note: Baseline differences were assessed using linear mixed‐effect models with two fixed factors (sex and age group) and one random factor (subject ID).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index. PAL, physical activity level. EE_sports, energy expenditure in sports.

Significant differences between men and women (P < 0.05).

^{^a}

Significant differences compared with young adults (P < 0.05).

^{^b}

Significant differences compared with middle‐aged adults (P < 0.05).