. 2023 Feb 14;14(2):1019–1032. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13184

Table 2.

Changes in parameters obtained from the torque‐velocity relationship.

	Women			Men
	Young	Middle‐aged	Old	Young	Middle‐aged	Old
T₀ (Nm)
Pre	159.5 ± 27.9^*	153.4 ± 27.7^*	115.6 ± 23.7^* ^ab	242.7 ± 47.8^*	234.0 ± 47.3^*	203.6 ± 41.2^* ^ab
Post	154.6 ± 32.0^*	138.3 ± 23.8^*	103.8 ± 28.6^* ^ab	234.1 ± 41.8^*	219.3 ± 39.9^*	178.8 ± 35.6^* ^ab
∆ (year⁻¹)	−0.45 ± 3.12	−1.57 ± 2.27	−1.26 ± 1.79^*	−0.82 ± 3.88	−1.52 ± 3.75	−2.58 ± 2.60
∆% (year⁻¹)	−0.28 ± 1.96	−1.02 ± 1.48 ^*, ^a	−1.09 ± 1.55	−0.34 ± 1.60	−0.65 ± 1.60 ^*	−1.27 ± 1.28 ^a
P‐value	0.368	<0.001	0.256	0.022	<0.001	<0.001
V₀ (rad·s⁻¹)
Pre	11.6 ± 2.1^*	10.6 ± 1.7^*	10.2 ± 2.2	12.9 ± 2.8^*	12.1 ± 2.9^*	10.8 ± 2.0^ab
Post	11.8 ± 3.6^*	10.5 ± 1.9^*, ^a	9.4 ± 1.2 ^a	13.3 ± 3.4^*	11.1 ± 2.4^*, ^a	9.8 ± 1.7 ^a
∆ (year⁻¹)	0.03 ± 0.37	−0.01 ± 0.24^*	−0.10 ± 0.25	0.03 ± 0.37	−0.11 ± 0.33 ^*, ^a	−0.10 ± 0.28
∆% (year⁻¹)	0.26 ± 3.19	−0.09 ± 2.26^*	−0.98 ± 2.45	0.23 ± 2.87	−0.91 ± 2.73 ^*, ^a	−0.93 ± 2.59
P‐value	0.609	0.740	0.365	0.388	<0.001	0.105
S/T₀ (%T₀·rad·s⁻¹)
Pre	−11.5 ± 1.8	−12.5 ± 1.8^*, ^a	−13.7 ± 2.8 ^a	−10.9 ± 1.9	−11.6 ± 2.1^*, ^a	−12.5 ± 2.2 ^a
Post	−12.0 ± 2.2	−12.7 ± 2.4	−15.3 ± 2.9^ab	−11.4 ± 1.9	−12.8 ± 2.6 ^a	−14.0 ± 2.8^ab
∆ (year⁻¹)	−0.05 ± 0.23	−0.03 ± 0.24^*	−0.19 ± 0.44	−0.05 ± 0.23	−0.13 ± 0.26 ^*	−0.16 ± 0.39
∆% (year⁻¹)	−0.43 ± 2.00	−0.24 ± 1.92	−1.39 ± 3.21	−0.46 ± 2.11	−1.12 ± 2.24	−1.28 ± 3.12
P‐value	0.240	0.200	0.028	0.052	<0.001	0.002
a/T₀
Pre	2.45 ± 1.35	2.48 ± 1.10	1.94 ± 0.69	2.35 ± 1.45	2.43 ± 1.45	2.49 ± 1.30
Post	2.06 ± 1.10	2.46 ± 0.99	2.00 ± 1.15	2.04 ± 1.30	2.49 ± 1.28	2.32 ± 1.25
∆ (year⁻¹)	−0.04 ± 0.18	<0.01 ± 0.15	0.01 ± 0.07	−0.03 ± 0.17	0.01 ± 0.19	−0.02 ± 0.19
∆% (year⁻¹)	−1.63 ± 7.35	<0.01 ± 6.05	0.52 ± 3.61	−1.28 ± 7.23	0.41 ± 7.82 ^a	−0.80 ± 7.63
P‐value	0.115	0.944	0.904	0.110	0.659	0.583

Note: Linear mixed‐effect models with two fixed factors (sex and age group) and one random factor (subject ID) were performed and reported. The P‐value in the table represents the time effect within each subgroup for absolute changes. Bold values indicate a significant change over time (P < 0.05).

Abbreviations: T₀, estimated maximum isometrid torque; V₀, estimated maximum unloaded velocity; S/T₀, linear slope of the torque‐velocity relationship; a/T₀, curvature of the torque‐velocity relationship.

Significant differences between men and women (P < 0.05).

^{^a}

Significant differences compared with young adults (P < 0.05).

^{^b}

Significant differences compared with middle‐aged adults (P < 0.05).