. 2023 Feb 14;14(2):1019–1032. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13184

Table 3.

Changes in maximum muscle power, optimal force, and optimal velocity.

	Women			Men
	Young	Middle‐aged	Old	Young	Middle‐aged	Old
P_max (W)
Pre	358.4 ± 68.2^*	319.4 ± 59.9^*	228.8 ± 70.6^* ^ab	591.1 ± 131.1^*	536.4 ± 122.9^*, ^a	429.9 ± 96.7^* ^ab
Post	338.5 ± 71.5^*	286.1 ± 58.1^*	178.4 ± 33.8^* ^ab	557.8 ± 114.2^*	464.5 ± 102.9^*, ^a	340.6 ± 78.4^* ^ab
∆ (year⁻¹)	−2.02 ± 5.76	−3.48 ± 5.00 ^*	−5.50 ± 4.90	−3.54 ± 11.38	−7.56 ± 9.56 ^*, ^a	−9.47 ± 8.62 ^a
∆% (year⁻¹)	−0.56 ± 1.61	−1.09 ± 1.57	−2.40 ± 2.14 ^a	−0.60 ± 1.93	−1.41 ± 1.78 ^a	−2.20 ± 2.01 ^a
P‐value	0.117	<0.001	0.053	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
T_opt (Nm)
Pre	69.8 ± 12.5^*	67.2 ± 11.7^*	49.2 ± 11.1^* ^ab	102.3 ± 19.5^*	98.9 ± 20.6^*	87.8 ± 18.4^* ^ab
Post	66.0 ± 15.7^*	60.3 ± 10.7^*	42.6 ± 11.3^* ^ab	95.3 ± 20.0^*	92.2 ± 18.9^*	75.6 ± 14.7^* ^ab
∆ (year⁻¹)	−0.38 ± 1.40	−0.72 ± 1.18	−0.71 ± 0.73	−0.68 ± 2.09	−0.70 ± 2.04	−1.28 ± 1.38
∆% (year⁻¹)	−0.54 ± 2.01	−1.07 ± 1.76 ^*	−1.44 ± 1.48	−0.66 ± 2.04	−0.71 ± 2.06 ^*	−1.46 ± 1.57
P‐value	0.157	<0.001	0.229	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
V_opt (rad·s⁻¹)
Pre	5.20 ± 0.87^*	4.79 ± 0.72^*	4.63 ± 0.99	5.84 ± 1.27^*	5.51 ± 1.13^*	4.96 ± 0.89^ab
Post	5.30 ± 1.41^*	4.78 ± 0.81^*, ^a	4.29 ± 0.53 ^a	5.99 ± 1.34^*	5.12 ± 1.01^*, ^a	4.54 ± 0.79^ab
∆ (year⁻¹)	0.01 ± 0.15	<0.01 ± 0.10^*	−0.04 ± 0.11	0.01 ± 0.15	−0.04 ± 0.13 ^*, ^a	−0.05 ± 0.12
∆% (year⁻¹)	0.19 ± 2.88	<0.01 ± 2.09^*	−0.86 ± 2.38	0.17 ± 2.57	−0.73 ± 2.36 ^*, ^a	−1.01 ± 2.42
P‐value	0.646	0.909	0.367	0.367	<0.001	0.082

Note: Linear mixed‐effect models with two fixed factors (sex and age group) and one random factor (subject ID) were performed and reported. The P‐value in the table represents the time effect within each subgroup for absolute changes. Bold values indicate a significant change over time (P < 0.05).

Abbreviations: P_max, maximum muscle power; T_opt, optimal torque; V_opt, optimal velocity.

Significant differences between men and women (P < 0.05).

^{^a}

Significant differences compared with young adults (P < 0.05).

^{^b}

Significant differences compared with middle‐aged adults (P < 0.05).