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. 2023 Mar 7;14(2):891–902. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13207

Table 1.

Participant characteristics of three cohorts.

Development cohort (n = 8743) Validation cohort (n = 5828) Application cohort (n = 1693)
Age, years 64 (15) 64 (16) 64 (14)
Sex
Male 5731 (65.5%) 3903 (67.0%) 1081 (63.9%)
Female 3012 (34.5%) 1925 (33.0%) 612 (36.1%)
Smoking status
Never 7310 (83.6%) 4926 (84.5%) 1401 (82.8%)
Former/current 1433 (16.4%) 902 (15.5%) 292 (17.2%)
Drinking status
Never 7589 (86.8%) 5066 (86.9%) 1470 (86.8%)
Former/current 1154 (13.2%) 762 (13.1%) 223 (13.2%)
Co‐morbidity 2563 (29.3%) 1735 (29.8%) 513 (30.3%)
Respiratory co‐morbidity 82 (0.9%) 50 (0.9%) 23 (1.4%)
Cardiovascular co‐morbidity 2207 (25.2%) 1484 (25.5%) 446 (26.3%)
Diabetes 763 (8.7%) 538 (9.2%) 156 (9.2%)
Time from symptom onset to hospitalization, month 1 (2.5) 1(2.5) 1 (3.5)
Neutrophil‐lymphocyte ratio 2.02 (1.3) 2.03 (1.31) 2.2 (1.46)
Platelet‐lymphocyte ratio 134.17 (79.31) 134.05 (81.07) 136.81 (85.15)
Albumin, g/L 41.1 (5.4) 41.2 (5.5) 41.0 (5.8)
Haemoglobin, g/L 128 (28) 128 (28) 126 (26)
Weight, kg 64 (15) 63 (19) 64 (15)
BMI, kg/m2 23.24 (4.26) 23.01 (4.99) 23.18 (4.09)
SMI, cm2/m2 46.07 (11.22) 45.93 (11.04) 45.78 (12.57)
Appetite loss 1828 (20.9%) 1250 (21.4%) 366 (21.6%)
Cancer site
Liver 1385 (15.8%) 989 (17.0%) 216 (12.8%)
Gallbladder 532 (6.1%) 361 (6.2%) 74 (4.4%)
Pancreas 361 (4.1%) 242 (4.2%) 78 (4.6%)
Stomach 3043 (34.8%) 2006 (34.4%) 566 (33.4%)
Colorectum 3422 (39.1%) 2230 (38.3%) 759 (44.8%)
Cancer stage
I 2551 (29.2%) 1690 (29.0%) 494 (29.2%)
II 3056 (35.0%) 2068 (35.5%) 551 (32.5%)
III 2659 (30.4%) 1750 (30.0%) 464 (27.4%)
IV 477 (5.5%) 320 (5.5%) 184 (10.9%)
Histologic type
Differentiated 4346 (49.7%) 2880 (49.4%) 836 (49.4%)
Undifferentiated 4397 (50.3%) 2948 (50.6%) 857 (50.6%)
Abnormal tumour biomarker 7912 (90.5%) 5276 (90.5%) 1541 (91.0%)
Cachexia 1377 (15.7%) 911 (15.6%) 411 (24.3%)

Note: Data are median (IQR) or n (%).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SMI, skeletal muscle index.