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. 2023 Mar 20;14:1115794. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1115794

Figure 4.

Figure 4

The PADI family can participate in tumour proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis through various signalling pathways. PADI1 and PADI3 can promote glycolysis through the citrullination of PKM2, leading to the proliferation of tumour cells. PADI1 can promote tumour migration and invasion through MEK1-ERK1/2-MMP2, ERK1/2-p38 and MAPK-MMP2/9. PADI2 can promote tumour migration through the MEK1-ERK1/2-IGF2BP1-SOX2, JAK2/STAT3 and EGF signalling pathways. PADI2 also affects Wnt/β-catenin to inhibit tumour metastasis. PADI2 can promote tumour angiogenesis through the Dll4/Notch1 signalling pathway. PADI3 can inhibit tumour proliferation through Sirt2/AKT/p21 and Hsp90/CKS1. PADI4 can act on IL-8 to promote tumour cell metastasis. PADI2 can also affect Wnt/β-Catenin, MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT to promote the proliferation of tumour cells. PADI4 can also inhibit the proliferation of tumour cells through GSK3β/TGF-β. At present, there is no report on PADI6 and tumours.