Table 1.
Comparison of low-stress hyperglycemia ratio (glucose-to-HbA1c ratio <1.135) vs. high-stress hyperglycemia ratio (glucose-to-HbA1c ≥ 1.135) in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
| ALL (N = 283) | Low Glucose-to-HbA1c ratio (N = 180) | High Glucose-to-HbA1c ratio (N = 103) | P # | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | ||||
| Age, years | 65 (57, 73) | 64.9 ± 12.1 | 63.7 ± 13.3 | 0.44 |
| Gender (men, n%) | 196 (69.2) | 131 (72.8) | 65 (63.1) | 0.09 |
| BMI, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 24.5 (23.0, 26.4) | 24.5 (23.0, 26.4) | 24.7 (22.6, 26.0) | 0.75 |
| NIHSS score at admission, median (IQR) | 2 (1, 5) | 2 (1, 4) | 3 (1, 10) | 0.02* |
| Mild stroke (NIHSS score ≤4, n%) | 200 (70.6) | 136 (75.6) | 64 (62.1) | 0.02* |
| Previous history, n (%) | ||||
| History of stroke | 63 (22.2) | 43 (23.9) | 20 (19.4) | 0.38 |
| Coronary heart disease | 34 (12.0) | 22 (12.2) | 12 (11.7) | 0.89 |
| Atrial Fibrillation | 21 (7.4) | 15 (8.3) | 6 (5.8) | 0.44 |
| Hypertension | 197 (69.6) | 125 (69.4) | 72 (69.9) | 0.94 |
| Diabetes | 104 (36.7) | 64 (35.8) | 40 (38.8) | 0.61 |
| Smoking | 108 (38.1) | 73 (40.6) | 35 (34.0) | 0.27 |
| Previous drugs, n (%) | ||||
| Antihypertensive agents | 158 (55.8) | 102 (56.7) | 56 (54.4) | 0.71 |
| Antidiabetic agents | 91 (32.1) | 52 (28.9) | 39 (37.9) | 0.12 |
| Statins | 55 (19.4) | 44 (24.4) | 11 (10.7) | <0.01* |
| Antiplatelets | 68 (24.0) | 49 (27.2) | 19 (18.4) | 0.10 |
| Stroke etiology, n (%) | 0.60a | |||
| Large-artery atherosclerosis | 251 (88.6) | 161 (89.4) | 90 (87.4) | |
| Cardioembolic | 13 (4.5) | 9 (5.0) | 4 (3.9) | |
| Small vessel disease | 18 (6.4) | 9 (5.0) | 9 (8.7) | |
| Other or undetermined | 1 (0.004) | 1 (0.005) | 0 (0) | |
| Recanalization therapy | 34 (12.0) | 20 (11.1) | 14 (13.6) | 0.54 |
| Hemorrhagic transformation | 9 (3.2) | 5 (2.8) | 4 (3.9) | 0.73a |
| Biochemical indexes | ||||
| SBP (mmHg), median (IQR) | 148 (133, 161) | 145.5 (133, 157) | 151 (136, 165) | 0.07 |
| DBP (mmHg), median (IQR) | 81 (75, 92) | 81.5 (76, 92) | 81 (73, 91) | 0.56 |
| FBG (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 6.6 (5.6, 8.6) | 5.9 (5.3, 6.6) | 8.6 (7.3, 10.8) | <0.01* |
| HbA1c (%), median (IQR) | 6.0 (5.6, 7.7) | 6 (5.6, 7.5) | 6.1 (5.6, 7.8) | 0.66 |
| Glucose-to-HbA1c ratio, median (IQR) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) | - | - | - |
| LDL-C, mg/dl, median (IQR) | 2.2 (1.72.9) | 2.3 (1.7, 2.9) | 2.2 (1.7, 2.8) | 0.42 |
| HDL-C, mg/dl, median (IQR) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 0.78 |
| TC, mg/dl, median (IQR) | 3.8 (3.2, 4.6) | 3.9 (3.2, 4.6) | 3.8 (3.2, 4.6) | 0.61 |
| TG, mg/dl, median (IQR) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.8) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.8) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.8) | 0.43 |
| Outcomes, n (%) | ||||
| mRS score at 1 year | 1 (0, 3) | 1 (0, 2) | 2 (0, 4) | 0.03* |
| Poor functional outcome (mRS score>2 at 1 year) | 90 (31.8) | 44 (24.4) | 46 (44.7) | <0.01* |
| Stroke recurrence | 30 (10.6) | 21 (11.7) | 9 (8.7) | 0.44 |
| All-cause death at 1 year | 10 (23.5) | 3 (1.7) | 7 (6.8) | 0.03a |
IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.
#Comparison of the low glucose/HbA1c ratio with high glucose/HbA1c ratio.
aThe comparisons were accomplished by Fisher's exact test.
*p < 0.05.