Table 7.

Benefits of VRALL.

	Cognitive benefits	Studies
1	Provided language learning opportunities	Lee and Park (2020), Wang et al. (2021)
2	Improved writing skills	Chen et al. (2020), Chen Y.T. et al. (2022), Fu et al. (2019), Huang et al. (2020), Lan et al. (2019), Yang et al. (2021)
3	Improved vocabulary learning	Alfadil (2020), Fuhrman et al. (2020), Tai et al. (2022)
4	Improved speaking skills	Chien et al. (2020), Ebadi and Ebadijalal (2022), Thrasher (2022)
5	Improved reading skills	Danaei et al. (2020), Teo et al. (2022)
6	Improved listening skills	Tai (2022), Teo et al. (2022)
7	Enhanced overall language learning	Chen and Hsu (2020), Ebadi and Ebadijalal (2022), Lan et al. (2018a,b), Ouyang et al. (2020)
8	Enhanced cultural competencies	Chin and Wang (2021), DeWitt et al. (2022), Ebadi and Ebadijalal (2022), Li et al. (2020), Liaw (2019), Ng et al. (2022), Shadiev et al. (2021), Shadiev et al. (2020)
9	Promoted multimodal literacy	Yeh and Tseng (2020)
10	Promoted presentation skills	Van Ginkel et al. (2020)
11	Helped with memory retention	Rho et al. (2020)
12	Reduced cognitive load	Huang et al. (2020)
13	Enhanced critical thinking	Chien et al. (2020)
Affective benefits		Studies
1	Promoted task engagement	Chen and Hsu (2020), Chen et al. (2020), Chen Y.T. et al. (2022), Chin and Wang (2021), Tai (2022), Tai et al. (2022), Wen (2021)
2	Enhanced motivation	Chen (2020), Chen and Hsu (2020), Chen M.P. et al. (2022), Chien et al. (2020), Ebadi and Ebadijalal (2022), Lan et al. (2019), Li et al. (2020), Liaw (2019), Rho et al. (2020), Tai (2022), Tai et al. (2022)
3	Elicited positive attitudes and emotions	Chen (2020), Chen et al. (2020), Chen M.P. et al. (2022), DeWitt et al. (2022), Fu et al. (2019), Lee and Park (2020), Liaw (2019), Ouyang et al. (2020), Shadiev et al. (2020), Shadiev et al. (2021), Tai et al. (2022), Yang et al. (2021)
4	Promoted willingness to communicate	Ebadi and Ebadijalal (2022)
5	Promoted confidence	Ebadi and Ebadijalal (2022), Huang et al. (2020), Rho et al. (2020)
6	Reduced foreign language anxiety	Chien et al. (2020), Thrasher (2022)
7	Reduced psychological distance between students and teacher	Teo et al. (2022)