Figure 2.

Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-5220-derived postbiotic prevents the disruption of IEB upon S. typhimurium infection. (A) Schematic representation of experimental design (created with Biorender). 8-week-old C57BL6/J male mice were treated for 10 consecutive days with 135 mg/kg/day of LP-PBF or vehicle via oral gavage. After the pretreatment, mice were infected with 10⁹ CFU of S. typhimurium SL3261AT and upon 6 h were sacrificed. (B) S. typhimurium SL3261AT dissemination in colon (left) and liver (right) after 6 h of infection. * Statistical analysis was evaluated using One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (C) Panel represent histology analysis performed on FFPE sections: H&E staining (upper panel) and Alcian Blue (bottom panel). Scale bar – 20 μm. (D) Representative immunofluorescence analysis performed on colon OCT sections, in following order: MUC2 (upper) and PV-1 (bottom). Scale bar—20 μm. (E) Fluorescent intensity quantification of MUC2 (left) and PV-1 (right). * Statistical analysis was evaluated using One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (F) Graph represent fold change of mRNA expression of α-Defensin and Tgf-β in colon of different groups analyzed. * Statistical analysis was evaluated using One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (G) Graph represent the normalized counts of Ruminococcaceae family in different experimental groups and different time points. * Statistical analysis was evaluated using unpaired student t-test. *p-value < 0.05; **p-value < 0.01; ***p-value < 0.001; ****p-value < 0.0001.