Skip to main content
. 2023 Mar 20;14:1157164. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1157164

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Salmonella typhimurium treated with LP-PBF is less invasive and not able to disrupt IEB. (A) TEER values of Caco-2 cells pre-treated overnight with LP-PBF, followed by infection with LP-PBF-treated S. typhimurium SL1344 (LP-PBF-treated Sal) or vehicle-treated S. typhimurium SL1344 (Vehicle-treated Sal). Infected Caco-2 cells were left for 4 h in recovery phase in the presence of postbiotic or vehicle. * Statistical analysis was evaluated using Two-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Schematic representation of the experimental design is present above the graph. (B) Representative immunofluorescence images of ZO-1 done on Caco-2 cells after 1.5 h of LP-PBF-treated S. typhimurium infection. Graph on the right represents quantification of ZO-1 junction tortuosity—ratio between junction length and Euclidean distance between its ends. Experimental design as in A. * Statistical analysis was evaluated using One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (C) LP-PBF or vehicle-treated Sal dissemination in colon after 6 h of infection. On the left schematic representation of experimental design (created with Biorender). S. typhimurium SL1344 was preincubated with either postbiotic or vehicle for 1.5 h at 4°C. Following, 8-week-old C57BL6/J male mice were infected with 109 CFU of LP-PBF-treated or vehicle-treated Sal via oral gavage and upon 6 h were sacrificed. Fecal pellets were collected before and after infection. * Statistical analysis was evaluated using One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (D) Graph represent dissemination of S. typhimurium in colon after 6 h of infection with S. typhimurium SL1344 in the presence of 135 mg/kg of LP-PBF (concomitant Sal + LP-PBF) and LP-PBF-treated Sal. On the left schematic representation of experimental design (created with Biorender). S. typhimurium SL1344 was preincubated with postbiotic for 1.5 h at 4°C. Following, 8-week-old C57BL6/J male mice were infected with either 109 CFU of LP-PBF-treated or S. typhimurium with concomitant presence of one dose of 135 mg/kg LP-PBF and upon 6 h were sacrificed. Fecal pellets were collected before and after infection. * Statistical analysis was evaluated using One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *p-value < 0.05; **p-value < 0.01; ***p-value < 0.001; ****p-value < 0.0001.