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. 2023 Apr 1;9:110. doi: 10.1038/s41420-023-01407-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — ART Artesunate, DHA Dihydroartemisinin, CUL Curcumenol, CEL Celastrol, BE Betulin, SAG Sanguinarine, SI Sinapine, SS Solasonine, CAP Capsaicin, ERI Erianin, DT Dihydroisotanshinone I, CTS Cryptotanshinone, OP-B Ophiopogonin-B, GK Ginkgetin, BT Bufotalin, SFN Sulforaphane, RGP Red ginseng polysaccharide, SLC40A1 solute carrier family 40 member 1, HO-1 Heme oxygenase 1, LC3 microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain, ATG5 autophagy-related protein 5, ATG7 autophagy-related protein 7, PRIM2 DNA primase polypeptide 2, FIS1 mitochondrial adaptor fission 1, DRP1 dynamin related protein 1, FTH1 ferritin heavy chain 1, AURKA Aurora kinase A, USP11 ubiquitin-specific processing protease 11, MMP mitochondrial membrane potential, miRNA MicroRNA, lncRNA Long non-coding RNA, DMT1 solute carrier family 11 member 2, Nrf2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, p53 tumor suppressor protein, GPX4 glutathione peroxidase 4, System Xc⁻ cystine/glutamate antiporter system, Cys₂ cystine, Glu glutamate, Cys cysteine, Gly glycine, GCL glutamate-cysteine ligase, SLC3A2 solute carrier family 3, member 2, SLC7A11 solute carrier family 7 (L-type amino acid transporter), member 11, GSS glutathione synthetase, GSH glutathione, GSSG oxidized glutathione, GSR glutathione reductase, ROS reactive oxygen species.