Table 2.
Impact from COVID-19 on caregivers’ stress, clinical symptoms and frequency of coping strategies of patients for the total sample (percentages), subgroups by gender (number of cases) and subgroups by age (number of cases).
| Caregivers’ stress | Much less than before | Little less than before | Similar than before | Little more than before | Much more than before |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Worry about COVID-19 and consequences | 4% | 19% | 30% | 23% | 23% |
| Permanent alert state | 16.2% | 38.5% | 36.2% | 4% | 3% |
| Family tension | 8.4% | 28.6% | 36.4% | 12.6% | 9% |
| Satisfaction with parenting | 4.4% | 9.4% | 46.3% | 19.2% | 16.4% |
| Increase or impairment of SYMPTOMS and BEHAVIORS | Much less than before | Little less than before | Similar than before | Little more than before | Much more than before | Chi2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electronic devices use | 5.1% | 1.3% | 7.3% | 28.3% | 58% | |
| Female/male | 9/13 | 2/4 | 18/14 | 47/79 | 81/174 | 8.03* |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 1/2/12/8 | 0/1/2/3 | 2/2/5/22 | 18/31/37/41 | 14/56/69/116 | 31.1 |
| Sadness/discouragement | 8.8% | 9.7% | 53.9% | 23.4% | 4.2% | |
| Female/male | 12/27 | 17/25 | 76/162 | 44/59 | 8/11 | 4.85 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 1/3/15/20 | 3/9/10/21 | 23/58/72/85 | 6/20/23/54 | 2/2/5/10 | 18.74* |
| Sleep problems | 3.5% | 4.4% | 50.3% | 26.5% | 15.3% | |
| Female/male | 5/11 | 7/13 | 80/143 | 45/20 | 72/45 | 1.22 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 0/3/7/6 | 1/3/6/10 | 19/45/62/95 | 11/25/33/49 | 4/16/17/30 | 4.95 |
| Eating behaviour problems | 6.6% | 12.1% | 60.1% | 15.5% | 5.7% | |
| Female/male | 8/16 | 25/41 | 91/177 | 28/25 | 5/25 | 12.1 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 3/5/5/12 | 3/12/14/39 | 25/60/72/110 | 4/10/23/16 | 0/5/11/13 | 18.63* |
| Fatigue | 4.9% | 9.5% | 55.9% | 23.4% | 6.2% | |
| Female/male | 10/12 | 17/24 | 82/166 | 38/64 | 10/17 | 2.39 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 3/3/8/7 | 5/15/28/56 | 23/59/68/99 | 5/15/28/56 | 0/3/9/15 | 18.56* |
| Irritability | 7.1% | 8.6% | 38.9% | 30.9% | 14.6% | |
| Female/male | 13/19 | 13/24 | 68/104 | 44/92 | 19/45 | 3.11 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 1/6/10/15 | 4/2/12/19 | 9/31/45/86 | 9/35/41/53 | 12/18/17/17 | 28.81 |
| Anxiety/restlessness | 7.1% | 7.3% | 41.7% | 32.7% | 11.2% | |
| Female/male | 11/21 | 13/18 | 67/117 | 49/95 | 17/33 | 0.83 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 1/4/8/19 | 1/4/11/15 | 11/37/59/77 | 17/35/34/59 | 5/12/13/20 | 14.10 |
| Opposition/defiance | 6.2% | 8.8% | 43.7% | 27.2% | 14.1% | |
| Female/male | 9/18 | 18/19 | 75/121 | 39/80 | 16/46 | 6.42 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 1/4/5/17 | 1/5/11/20 | 12/35/52/95 | 12/30/39/41 | 9/18/18/17 | 24.42 |
| Aggression/violence | 9.1% | 7.3% | 62% | 16.3% | 5.3% | |
| Female/male | 17/23 | 13/18 | 101/173 | 18/54 | 8/16 | 5.15 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 3/7/10/20 | 1/4/9/17 | 20/57/78/120 | 8/16/22/26 | 3/8/6/7 | 9.33 |
| Self-harm | 15% | 2.7% | 77.7% | 2.7% | 0.4% | |
| Female/male | 36/31 | 6/5 | 108/234 | 6/6 | 0/2 | 15.84 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 3/12/18/34 | 1/1/5/5 | 29/73/96/145 | 2/2/3/5 | 0/2/0/0 | 13.04 |
| Regressive behaviours | 13.7% | 2.4% | 77.3% | 4% | 1.3% | |
| Female/male | 29/31 | 7/3 | 113/229 | 5/12 | 2/4 | 10.63 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 5/6/20/30 | 1/4/1/5 | 23/72/96/151 | 5/6/4/2 | 1/3/1/1 | 27.75 |
| Worry/fear about COVID-19 | 9.1% | 5.7% | 55.2% | 25.4% | 4.2% | |
| Female/male | 18/23 | 11/14 | 77/165 | 44/69 | 6/12 | 4.10 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 2/8/11/19 | 0/4/7/14 | 23/49/72/100 | 9/27/30/47 | 1/4/4/9 | 6.25 |
| Be absorbed/isolated from family | 9.3% | 6.2% | 60.7% | 16.1% | 6.8% | |
| Female/male | 18/24 | 11/16 | 96/172 | 18/51 | 12/19 | 4.14 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 6/5/12/19 | 2/5/7/12 | 25/66/73/104 | 0/10/24/37 | 2/4/7/18 | 19.90* |
| Social contact with friends | 33.3% | 25.6% | 24.1% | 11.3% | 5.7% | |
| Female/male | 40/107 | 46/64 | 36/73 | 22/27 | 13/13 | 10.9 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 22/46/33/46 | 6/23/33/52 | 5/13/40/48 | 2/3/15/29 | 0/7/4/15 | 47.67 |
| Dependency on caregivers | 6% | 5.5% | 65.1% | 16.1% | 6.4% | |
| Female/male | 11/16 | 11/14 | 101/188 | 26/43 | 6/21 | 3.37 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 1/1/11/14 | 2/4/9/10 | 16/58/77/138 | 10/19/21/20 | 6/9/5/7 | 31.19 |
| Worry/fear about death | 6% | 1.1% | 78.2% | 11.3% | 2% | |
| Female/male | 11/16 | 3/2 | 116/228 | 23/26 | 2/7 | 5.58 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 3/4/11/9 | 1/0/1/3 | 23/74/99/149 | 6/7/10/27 | 2/5/2/0 | 22.36 |
| Obsessions/rituals | 6.6% | 2.2% | 77.3% | 8.4% | 1.6% | |
| Female/male | 14/16 | 6/4 | 118/223 | 11/24 | 6/12 | 4.64 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 3/3/9/15 | 1/1/4/4 | 26/69/93/154 | 3/12/10/11 | 2/5/6/5 | 9.71 |
| Repeated/stereotyped movements | 6.6% | 1.6% | 77.3% | 10.2% | 3.3% | |
| Female/male | 15/14 | 3/4 | 123/218 | 11/33 | 3/12 | 7.23 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 3/1/10/15 | 1/1/4/1 | 21/67/97/158 | 7/18/8/11 | 3/4/4/4 | 32.53 |
| Attention problems | 5.5% | 5.5% | 42.4% | 33.1% | 13.3% | |
| Female/male | 12/13 | 6/18 | 76/111 | 44/101 | 18/41 | 7.35 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 0/2/9/13 | 4/6/10/4 | 17/27/53/91 | 11/40/33/62 | 3/17/19/20 | 26.94 |
| Cognitive inflexibility | 6.2% | 4.9% | 62% | 19.2% | 1.1% | |
| Female/male | 15/13 | 10/11 | 97/176 | 28/57 | 5/24 | 9.80 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 2/4/8/14 | 1/2/8/10 | 22/50/74/128 | 6/27/26/27 | 4/7/8/10 | 14.69 |
| Body disturbances | 6% | 5.3% | 63.6% | 18.3% | 5.7% | |
| Female/male | 10/17 | 8/14 | 156/280 | 32/49 | 10/15 | 1.02 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 4/7/6/10 | 1/2/4/15 | 23/56/84/118 | 4/20/22/37 | 3/5/7/10 | 10.88 |
| Body dissatisfaction | 4% | 2.7% | 70.2% | 17.4% | 4.4% | |
| Female/male | 6/11 | 6/5 | 97/212 | 39/40 | 8/11 | 10.94 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 3/3/4/7 | 1/0/5/6 | 29/69/87/124 | 1/15/22/41 | 1/3/5/11 | 14.64 |
| Afraid to go outside | 5.5% | 1.3% | 61.2% | 20.3% | 10.6% | |
| Female/male | 14/11 | 3/3 | 91/178 | 31/58 | 16/31 | 5.52 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 1/4/8/12 | 1/1/2/2 | 25/58/68/120 | 4/16/30/38 | 4/12/14/17 | 7.19 |
| Adaptive COPING STRATEGIES | Always | Often | Sometimes | A few times | Never | Chi2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Games, studies and entertainment | 43.7% | 29.6% | 15.8% | 7% | 3.9% | |
| Female/male | 66/122 | 46/80 | 28/40 | 12/19 | 2/15 | 5.31 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 8/35/60/85 | 15/23/33/56 | 7/12/21/29 | 5/11/7/8 | 0/7/0/10 | 27.54 |
| Questions and interest in COVID-19 | 6.8% | 14.7% | 37.3% | 22.4% | 18.8% | |
| Female/male | 16/13 | 23/41 | 59/103 | 36/59 | 20/60 | 9.00* |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 1/7/4/17 | 6/8/13/37 | 16/36/50/60 | 3/20/33/40 | 9/17/21/34 | 19.46* |
| Avoid talking about COVID-19 | 3.6% | 3.4% | 12% | 21.3% | 59.7% | |
| Female/male | 4/12 | 7/7 | 22/27 | 34/58 | 87/172 | 4.40 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 0/3/5/8 | 3/0/3/9 | 2/8/14/26 | 7/24/22/40 | 23/53/77/105 | 13.84 |
| Participation in solidarity acts | 13.1% | 14.2% | 20.8% | 13.4% | 38.5% | |
| Female/male | 29/28 | 22/38 | 35/56 | 19/38 | 49/116 | 8.77* |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 7/17/12/20 | 6/15/20/20 | 16/24/22/29 | 3/11/19/23 | 3/21/48/96 | 45.50 |
| Social contact with family and friends | 19.7% | 27.2% | 28.7% | 16.3% | 8.1% | |
| Female/male | 43/43 | 38/77 | 40/83 | 19/51 | 14/22 | 10.93 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 9/14/27/35 | 8/26/32/49 | 12/27/31/56 | 4/13/22/31 | 2/8/9/17 | 4.72 |
| Optimism/positive point of view | 23.3% | 32.1% | 25.4% | 11.3% | 7.9% | |
| Female/male | 30/72 | 44/92 | 49/61 | 15/32 | 16/19 | 7.98* |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 8/29/30/33 | 15/24/40/59 | 7/20/31/52 | 4/10/11/24 | 1/5/9/20 | 13.60 |
| Adherence to schedules | 23.3% | 26.9% | 23.3% | 16.8% | 9.7% | |
| Female/male | 41/61 | 39/75 | 36/65 | 28/45 | 10/30 | 3.22 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 7/20/25/49 | 13/28/33/40 | 5/25/33/39 | 10/11/17/36 | 0/4/13/24 | 21.86 |
| Emotional verbal expression | 14.2% | 21.7% | 29% | 20.4% | 14.7% | |
| Female/male | 28/35 | 28/65 | 50/75 | 28/57 | 20/44 | 5.19 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 5/14/17/26 | 9/18/24/41 | 11/29/31/55 | 7/17/29/35 | 3/10/20/31 | 5.03 |
| Physical exercise | 10.2% | 15.2% | 26% | 20.1% | 28.5% | |
| Female/male | 26/18 | 24/43 | 37/71 | 30/58 | 37/86 | 12.36 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 3/7/8/24 | 8/18/13/27 | 16/20/28/47 | 2/26/30/30 | 6/17/42/60 | 30.77 |
| Religion | 0.2% | 1.1% | 3.6% | 5.9% | 89.1% | |
| Female/male | 1/0 | 1/3 | 7/9 | 10/15 | 135/249 | 2.70 |
| <8/8–12/12–15/15–18 | 0/0/0/1 | 0/1/1/2 | 2/7/6/1 | 0/2/9/13 | 33/78/105/171 | 17.30 |
Chi2 in bold means p-value <.05 and indicates statistically significant differences in the distribution of percentages. Indexes with
*
tended to signification (.05 > p <0.1).