Table 2.

Select data published on treatment and outcome disparities in prostate cancer between various racial groups

Study	Question	Finding
Comparison of the clinical outcome after hormonal therapy for prostate cancer between Japanese and Caucasian men (2006)	Asked if there was a difference in the effectiveness of hormonal therapy in patients with prostate cancer among Japanese and White Americans	• Japanese American Men who had received hormonal treatment had a better outcome than White men for overall and cause-specific survival rate • Race was one of the significant prognostic factors in the multivariate analysis
Impact of Androgen Deprivation Therapy on Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Survival of Older Men Treated for Locoregional Prostate Cancer (2009)	Asked if there were survival differences between racial groups that received ADT	• Authors found that the receipt of ADT was significantly lower in Black men (24%) relative to White (27%), Asian (34%), and Hispanic men (28.7%) (P < 0.05)
Trends and Racial Differences in the Use of Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Metastatic Prostate Cancer (2010)	Authors wanted to see whether there were racial variations to use of ADT and time to receipt of ADT in metastatic prostate cancer	• Authors concluded that Black men with metastatic prostate cancer were significantly less likely to receive ADT and, when treated, had a slightly longer time to receipt than White men
Racial differences in time from prostate cancer diagnosis to treatment initiation (2013)	Asked if there was a difference between time from diagnosis to treatment in Black and White prostate cancer patients	• Authors concluded that AA patients with prostate cancer experienced longer time from diagnosis to treatment than White patients with prostate cancer, including with advanced systemic care
Racial/Ethnic Disparity in Treatment for Prostate Cancer: Does Cancer Severity Matter? (2016)	Authors attempted to determine whether there was variation in the receipt of treatment based on race and disease severity	• Compared to White men, Black men sig less likely to receive treatment across all Gleason scores and all D’Amico risk classifications • Hispanic men less likely to receive treatment for G7 + disease and for int/high-risk disease • Asian men are no different from reference
Racial Disparity in Delivering Definitive Therapy for Intermediate/High-risk Localized Prostate Cancer: The Impact of Facility Features and Socioeconomic Characteristics (2018)	Authors reviewed the NCDB database between 2004 and 2013 to examine facility level variations in the use of definitive therapy for localized prostate cancer between different racial groups	• After adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors, investigators found that most facilities favored definitive therapy in White prostate cancer patients compared to their Black counterparts
Racial differences in patterns of treatment among men diagnosed with de novo advanced prostate cancer: A SEER-Medicare investigation (2019)	Investigators queried SEER to examine treatment patterns for metastatic and CR prostate cancer and stratified by race determine whether there is a difference in adherence to standard of care treatment in advanced prostate cancer	• Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) patients were more likely to go without treatment (P < 0.001) compared to non-Hispanic white (NHW) patients, even after accounting for early mortality and TNM stage • The frequency of nearly all forms of treatment was lower among NHB with the exception of orchiectomy, which was significantly higher (10.1% vs 6.1%, P < 0.001)
Racial differences in the treatment and outcomes for prostate cancer in Massachusetts (2021)	Investigators examined whether prostate cancer outcomes were different in Massachusetts, which was the earliest US state to mandate universal insurance coverage (in 2006)	• Despite lower odds of definitive treatment, Black men with prostate cancer experience reduced cancer-specific mortality in comparison with White men in Massachusetts