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. 2023 Apr 3:1–12. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s00586-023-07678-5

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

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Fig. 4 — According to ITT analysis, changes in functional outcomes between the two groups preoperatively and during the 24-month follow-up period. a VAS of back pain. b VAS of radicular leg pain. c Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). d European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D). e Walking time