Table 2.

State of the art on laboratory hemodialysis membranes

Substrate	Modification method	Functional modifier	Protein Adhesion	Platelet adhesion/activation	Immune activation	Clotting time	Reference
PES	Bulk modification	Ionic liquid	BSA adsorption: 52% decreased	Platelet adhesion:95% decrease calculated from SEM picture		No significant change	[263]
PES	Surface modification	PEtO	BSA adsorption: 56% decreased	Low platelet adhesion as indicated by SEM		No significant change	[254]
PES	Surface modification	Tannic acid	Reduced BSA adsorption	Low platelet adhesion as indicated by SEM	Increased radical scavenging capacity	Prolonged clotting times and reduced blood coagulation index	[253]
PSF	Blending modification	Resveratrol	Reduced BSA adsorption	Low platelet adhesion as indicated by SEM	Increased radical scavenging capacity, and reduced C3a and C5a generation	–	[256]
PES	Surface modification	Chitosan and heparin	Reduced BSA adsorption as indicated by fluorescence microscope	Reduced PF4 concentration	Reduced C3a and C5a generation	Reduced TAT generation	[264]
PES	Blending modification	Ticagrelor		Reduced platelet adhesion and P-selectin expression	Reduced IL-6, THF-α, IL-10 generation	No significant change	[265]
PSF	Surface modification	Sodium alginate, acrylic acid	Low protein adhesion as indicated by SEM	Low platelet adhesion as indicated by SEM, PF4: 70% decrease	C3a: 70% decreased, C5a: 75% decreased	APTT: 775% prolonged, TT: 94.4% prolonged, TAT: 50% decreased	[20]
PAN	Surface modification	Heparin-poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel	Bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption: 98% decreased, Flux recovery: 21% increased	–	–	APTT: 225% prolonged, PT: 233% prolonged, TT: 200% prolonged	[22]
PES	Blending/surface modification	PEGMA	BSA adsorption: 35% decreased, Flux recovery: 20% increased	Platelet adhesion: 50% decrease calculated from SEM picture	–	–	[266]
PAN	Surface modification	Heparin functionalized MWCNTs/PVA	BSA adsorption: 55% decreased	Platelet adhesion: 80% decrease calculated from SEM picture	C3a: 15% decreased, C5a: 20% decreased	Plasma recalcification time: 123% prolonged	[267]
PES	Bulk/blending modification	Amphiphilic zwitterionic polymer	BSA adsorption: 85% decreased, Bovine fibrinogen (BFG) adsorption: 87.5% decreased, Flux recovery: 16% increased	Low platelet adhesion as indicated by SEM	C3a: 5% decreased, C5a: 5% decreased	Plasma recalcification time: 36% prolonged	[268]
PES	Blending/surface modification	PAA-AMPS	BSA adsorption: 55% decreased, BFG adsorption: 70% decreased, whole blood protein adsorption: 50% decreased, Flux recovery: 7% increased	Platelet adhesion: 80% decrease calculated from SEM picture	C3a: 10% decreased, C5a: 5% decreased, BK: 10% decreased	APTT: 157% prolonged, TT: 584% prolonged	[79]
Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)	Blending modification	Poly(ethylene glycol)-multi-walled carbon nanotubes	BSA adsorption: 80% decreased, Flux recovery: 20% increased	–	–	–	[269]
PSF	Surface modification	Poly AA-HEMA	Flux recovery: 116% increased	–	–	APTT: 33% prolonged	[241]
PSF	Blending modification	P(VP-VTES)-b-P(SSNa-VTES-AA)	–	Low platelet adhesion as indicated by SEM	C3a: 25% decreased, C5a: 50% decreased	APTT: 1900% prolonged, PT: 100% prolonged, TT: 80% prolonged	[203]
PES	Surface modification	Sulfonated sodium alginate	BSA adsorption: 33% decreased, BFG adsorption: 50% decreased,	Platelet adhesion: 90% decrease calculated from SEM picture	–	APTT: 30% prolonged, PT: 10% prolonged, TT: 20% prolonged	[270]
PES	Bulk/surface modification	Sulphated carboxymethylcellulose	BSA adsorption: 70% decreased, Flux recovery: 150% increased	Low platelet adhesion as indicated by SEM	–	–	[271]
PAN	Surface modification	Branched polyethylenimine	–	Platelet adhesion: 45% decrease calculated from SEM picture	–	Plasma recalcification time: 60% prolonged	[272]
PES	Blending modification	GO	Flux recovery: 30% increased	Low platelet adhesion as indicated by SEM	–	APTT: 25% prolonged, PT: 10% prolonged, TT: 10% prolonged	[273]
PES	Blending/surface modification	P(AA-co-HEMA)/PSSNa	BSA adsorption: 66% decreased, BFG adsorption: 50% decreased, Flux recovery: 20% increased	Platelet adhesion: 98% decrease calculated from SEM picture, PF4: 20% decrease	C3a: 45% decreased, C5a: 10% decreased	APTT: 125% prolonged, TT: 66% prolonged	[274]
PES	Bulk modification	Heparin-like PES	BSA adsorption: 60% increased, BFG adsorption: 65% decreased	PF4: 10% decrease	C3a: 16% decreased, C5a: 33% decreased	APTT: 225% prolonged, TT: 40% prolonged	[100]
PSF	Surface modification	Sulfonated hydroxypropyl chitosan	BSA adsorption: 85% decreased	Low platelet adhesion as indicated by SEM	–	Whole blood clotting time: 190% prolonged, APTT: 10% prolonged, TT: 100% prolonged	[275]
PES	Blending modification	Heparin-mimicking polyurethanes	BSA adsorption: 50% increased, BFG adsorption: 40% decreased	Platelet adhesion: 95% decrease calculated from SEM picture	C3a: 45% decreased, C5a: 15% decreased	APTT: 162% prolonged, TT: No change	[226]
PSF	Blending modification	Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone-co-vinyltriethoxysilane	BSA adsorption: 60% decreased, Flux recovery: 50% increased	Low platelet adhesion as indicated by SEM	–	APTT: 30% prolonged, PT: 20% prolonged	[276]
PAN	Surface modification	Polyvinyl alcohol	BSA adsorption: 60% decreased	Low platelet adhesion as indicated by SEM	C3a: 5% decreased, C5a: 20% decreased	–	[277]