Table 3.
Sensitivity analyses for the association between glucosamine use and risk of cancers.
| Adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval)a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Site of Cancer | Excluding incident cases within 2 years of enrollment (Number = 408,521) | Competing risk analysis (Number = 418,060) | Multiple imputation analysis (Number = 450,207) | Using pack-years adjusting smoking status (Number = 356,472) |
| Overall cancer | 1.03 (1.01–1.06)** | 1.03 (1.01–1.05)** | 1.04 (1.02–1.06)*** | 1.03 (1.01–1.06)** |
| Prostate (male) | 1.08 (1.02–1.15)* | 1.08 (1.02–1.14)** | 1.06 (1.00–1.12)* | 1.05 (1.01–1.10)* |
| Other male specific | 0.77 (0.57–1.04) | 0.84 (0.64–1.09) | 0.81 (0.63–1.05) | 0.79 (0.58–1.07) |
| Cervical (female) | 1.23 (0.90–1.68) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | 1.14 (0.87–1.49) | 1.25 (0.94–1.67) |
| Breast (female) | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | 1.04 (0.98–1.09) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) |
| Ovarian (female) | 0.95 (0.78–1.15) | 0.91 (0.76–1.08) | 0.92 (0.78–1.10) | 0.92 (0.77–1.12)) |
| Endometrium (female) | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 1.05 (0.92–1.19) | 1.03 (0.89–1.19)) |
| Other female specific | 1.06 (0.79–1.41) | 1.16 (0.89–1.50) | 1.15 (0.89–1.50) | 1.20 (0.90–1.59) |
| Lung | 0.89 (0.80–1.00)* | 0.85 (0.77–0.94)** | 0.89 (0.81–0.98)* | 0.87 (0.78–0.97)* |
| Esophagus | 0.81 (0.66–1.00) | 0.86 (0.71–1.04) | 0.86 (0.74–1.06) | 0.87 (0.71–1.08) |
| Stomach | 1.06 (0.83–1.36) | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | 1.00 (0.80–1.24) | 0.94 (0.73–1.21) |
| Colorectal | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | 0.97 (0.91–1.05) | 0.98 (0.90–1.06) |
| Hepatobiliary | 1.00 (0.81–1.23) | 0.99 (0.82–1.21) | 1.03 (0.85–1.24) | 0.98 (0.79–1.22) |
| Pancreas | 1.12 (0.95–1.32) | 1.13 (0.97–1.33) | 1.17 (1.01–1.36)* | 1.18 (0.99–1.39) |
| Malignant melanoma | 1.06 (0.96–1.16) | 1.08 (0.99–1.17) | 1.07 (0.98–1.16) | 1.05 (0.96–1.16) |
| Skin | 1.11 (1.07–1.15)*** | 1.12 (1.08–1.16)*** | 1.12 (1.08–1.15)*** | 1.12 (1.08–1.16)*** |
| Kidney | 0.88 (0.75–1.05) | 0.92 (0.79–1.07) | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) | 0.90 (0.76–1.07) |
| Thyroid | 0.83 (0.60–1.16) | 0.89 (0.66–1.21) | 0.81 (0.61–1.07) | 0.80 (0.59–1.09) |
| Brain | 0.89 (0.71–1.12) | 0.93 (0.76–1.15) | 0.91 (0.74–1.11) | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) |
| All other cancer | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) |
aAll sensitivity analyses were performed using the full model adjusted for sociodemographic variables (including gender, ethnicity, education and Townsend Deprivation Index), lifestyle factors (including smoking, alcohol consumption, vegetable consumption, processed meat intake, fresh fruit intake, vitamin supplements, mineral supplements, body mass index, and physical activities), and medical conditions and services (including diagnosis of osteoarthritis/rheumatoid arthritis / joint pain / multiple sclerosis, history of screening for bowel cancer / breast cancer / prostate-specific antigen test, use of aspirin/NSAIDs/hormone-replacement therapy, family history of cancer, and overall health rating).
*P ≤ 0.05.
**P ≤ 0.01.
***P ≤ 0.001.