Cohort 2: Targeted analysis of LP-CSF for glioma differential diagnosis. A, Experimental design. In Cohort 2 patients with glioma, DNA recovered from LP-CSF (n = 38), either from supernatant (cfDNA, n = 38) or pellet (cellular DNA, n = 35), underwent the ITEC protocol. B, Schematic of ITEC protocol. C, Oncoprint of genetic alterations detected through the ITEC protocol and the resulting diagnosis according to WHO 2021 definitions. IDH-wt undetermined, GBM or other tumor type or non-tumoral DNA; unfeasible, ITEC protocol stopped at first step. D, Graph showing concordance (gray bars) between diagnosis based on histopathological and molecular criteria (according to WHO 2021) and ITEC-based molecular diagnosis. E, Flowchart, sample shortlisting from LP-CSF sample collection to ITEC protocol outcome. F and G, Correlation between attainment of ITEC diagnosis and progression-free survival (PFS, significant; F) and overall survival of primary patients with GBM (not significant but in the same trend; G). (A, Created with BioRender.com.)