Table 1.
baseline mean values (SD) and mean difference (MD) with 95% CI for measured haemodynamic parameters compared to baseline values at each experimental stage. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared to baseline values
| Baseline | Esm 1 (500 mg/hr) | Esm 2 (1000 mg/hr) | Esm 3 (2000 mg/hr) | Esm 4 (3000 mg/hr) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | MD (95% CI) | MD (95% CI) | MD (95% CI) | MD (95% CI) | |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 92(11) | −2 (−9 to 6) | −7 (−15 to 2) | −13 (−16 to 0)⋆ | −18 (−27 to −9)⋆⋆ |
| MAP (mmHg) | 89 (7) | −11 (−23 to 1) | −11 (−21 to -1)⋆ | −21 (−36 to−8) ⋆⋆ | −33 (−54 to −11)⋆ |
| Stroke Volume (mL) | 88 (12) | 0 (−17 to 18) | −10 (−27 to 6) | −-15 (−28 to −1)⋆ | −16 (−30 to −1)⋆ |
| Cardiac output (l/min) | 8.1 (1.7) | 0 (−2 to 2) | −1.5 (−3.7 to 0.8) | −2.3 (−4.3 to −0.2)⋆ | −2.8 (−4.4 to −1.2) ⋆⋆ |
| CVP (mmHg) | 8 (3) | 1 (−1 to 2) | 1 (−1 to 2) | 2 (−1 to 3) | 2 (0 to 3)⋆ |
| SvO2 (%) | 77 (4) | −4 (−12 to 4) | −10 (−22 to 3) | −20 (−39 to −1)⋆ | −26 (−41 to −12)⋆⋆ |
| SVV (%) | 10 (2) | 2 (−2 to 6) | 4 (−1 to 8) | 8 (−1 to 16) | 12 (−3 to 27) |
| dP/dt (mmHg.s−1) | 434 (93) | −58 (−224 to -108) | −84 (−217 to 50) | −136 (−277 to 5) | −171 (−229 to −113)⋆⋆ |
| LVSWI (g-m.m−2) | 60 (11) | −6 (− 15 to 3) | −10 (−22 to 2) | −22 (−34 to −9)⋆⋆ | −15 (−42 to 12)⋆⋆ |
| LVEF (%) | 75 (9) | −4 (−21 to 12) | −15 (−42 to 12) | −26 (−58 to 6) | −34 (−63 to −5)⋆ |
| SVR (dyne.s−1.cm−5) | 839 (194) | −109 (−291 to 73) | 54 (−174 to 282) | −18 (−211 to 175) | −81 (−471 to 308) |
| PA mean (mmHg) | 22 (3) | −2 (−8 to 4) | −2 (−6 to 1) | −2 (−5 to 2) | −4 (−9 to 0) |
| HPI | 29 (16) | 30 (−9 to 70) | 33 (4 to 62)⋆ | 50 (20 to 80) ⋆⋆ | 64 (28 to 99)⋆⋆ |
| R 1 (2000 mg/hr) | R 2 (1000 mg/hr) | R 3 (0 mg/hr) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MD (95% CI) | MD (95% CI) | MD (95% CI) | |
| Heart rate (bpm) | −9 (−46 to 29) | −16 (−35 to 2) | −14 (−23 to −5)⋆⋆ |
| MAP (mmHg) | −30 (−-47 to −13)⋆⋆ | −23 (−41 to −5)⋆ | −15 (−25 to −4)⋆⋆ |
| Stroke volume (mL) | −22 (−40 to −5)⋆ | −14 (−35 to 6) | −6 (−18 to 7) |
| Cardiac output (l/min) | −3.2 (−6.4 to −0.1)⋆ | −2.5 (−5.6 to 0.5) | −1.6 (−3.2 to 0)⋆ |
| CVP (mmHg) | 3 (0 to 6) | 2 (−1 to 4) | 1 (−1 to 2) |
| SvO2 (%) | −33 (−48 to 17)⋆⋆ | −22 (−38 to −5)⋆ | −10 (−18 to −3)⋆⋆ |
| SVV (%) | 13 (2 to 23)⋆ | 9 (−1 to 19) | 4 (0 to 9)⋆ |
| dP/dt (mmHg.s−1) | −160 (−343 to 22) | −117 (−286 to 52) | −89 (−197 to 18) |
| LVSWI (g-m.m-2) | −42 (−60 to −23)⋆⋆ | −35 (−53 to −17)⋆⋆ | −28 (−38 to −17)⋆⋆ |
| LVEF (%) | −23 (−56 to 9) | −16 (−49 to 17) | −17 (−40 to 6) |
| SVR (dyne.s−1.cm−5) | −5 (−481 to 472) | −19 (−435 to 397) | 10 (−137 to 157) |
| PA mean (mmHg) | −1 (−7 to 5) | −1 (−7 to 5) | −2 (−5 to 2) |
| HPI | 68 (37 to 98)⋆⋆ | 55 (8 to 100)⋆ | 42 (10 to 75)⋆ |