Fig. 5.

Hazard ratio plot from the most strongly supported mixed-effects Cox proportional hazards model investigating factors influencing spatially varying mortality risk of GPS-collared mountain lions (n = 389) across the state of California. Hazard ratios above 1 indicate greater mortality risk, whereas those below 1 indicate reduced risk. Variables retained in the model included male (female is reference), distance to low-density development, proportion of voters supporting proenvironmental legislation, and the year (continuous, 2001 to 2020).