Comparison of maximum or novel ferroic properties created using SL and VAN films.

	SL	VAN
FE	In 10–200 nm thick films	In ∼micron thick films
	T C of BaTiO3/SrTiO3 increased by several hundred K23	T C of BaTiO3–Sm2O3 VAN increased by several hundred K21
	P r ∼ 16.5 μC cm−2, the value is doubled in SrTiO3/BaTiO3/CaTiO3cf. plain BaTiO3 film24	P r ∼ 12.1 μC cm−2, the value is trebled in (Ba,Sr)TiO3–Sm2O3 VAN film ∼ cf. plain (Ba,Sr)TiO3 film25
	Tunability values ∼40% at 200 kV cm−1 and 300 K in SrTiO3/BaTiO3/SrO26 which is >3 higher than for BaTiO3 plain films	Tunability values are ∼75% at 200 kV cm−1 and 300 K in (Ba,Sr)TiO3–Sm2O3 VAN film which is ∼40% higher than for (Ba,Sr)TiO3 plain film.27 Also, loss scales with tunability, which is opposite to plain films.
	Negative capacitance observed in Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3/LaAlO3 and PbTiO3/SrTiO3 at 300 K28	Negative capacitance not yet observed
	Polar vortices observed in PbTiO3/SrTiO328b,29	Polar vortices not yet observed
FM	In-plane exchange bias as high as 3 kOe induced in CaRuO3/CaMnO3 at 10 K30	Perpendicular exchange bias of ∼0.91 kOe at room temperature obtained in NiO–NiFe2O4 VAN22cf. ∼0.1 kOe in NiO–NiFe2O4 bilayer at room temperature.31
	High interfacial magnetization of up to 2.5μB (396 emu cm−3) achieved in LaFeO3/LaCrO332	Saturation magnetisation in Fe3O4–BiFeO3 VAN film ∼900 emu cm−3cf. ∼300 emu cm−3 in pure Fe3O4 film with similiar thickness33
	High TC ferromagnetism of up to 375 K created at interfaces from non-magnetic parent materials in LaFeO3/LaCrO332	Ferro/ferrimagnets with several-hundred-K TC created from AFM parent material ZnFe2O434
	Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (Keff) of 4 × 106 erg cm−3 (∼13 kOe) realized in La1−xSrxMnO3/SrIrO3 at 10 K35	Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of 85 kOe induced in BaTiO3–CoFe2O4 at 300 K via strain36
	Topological Hall effect up to 75 μΩ cm observed in LaMnO3/SrIrO3 at 10 K37	No topological Hall effect observed
	DME coefficient αME up to 55 V cm−1 Oe−1 at 300 K observed in BaTiO3/BiFeO338	DME coefficient αME up to 20 V cm−1 Oe−1 at 300 K measured in BiFeO3–CoFe2O439
ME	No sizable CME yet observed	Self-biased CME effect at room temperature with ME coefficient of ∼1.4 × 10−9 s m−1 at 300 K achieved in Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–NiO–NiFe2O440