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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Apr 3.
Published in final edited form as: Exp Gerontol. 2023 Jan 31;173:112105. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112105

Fig. 5. Strategies, target mechanism and cardiovascular outcome.

Fig. 5.

Due to the barriers of aerobic exercise, alternative strategies such as lifestyle interventions (i.e., inspiratory muscle strength training and chronic passive heat therapy) and “exercise-inspired” pharmacological interventions (i.e., nicotinamide riboside, nicotinamide mononucleotide, mitoquinol [MitoQ] and fisetin) are being studied to promote optimal cardiovascular (CV) aging. Based on published findings, these interventions improve CV outcomes (enhanced endothelial function, reduced arterial stiffness, and/or lower blood pressure) by targeting fundamental aging mechanisms, including 1) unfavorable changes to the circulating milieu; 2) dysregulation of nutrient sensing pathways; 3) decreased mitochondrial function; and 4) increased cellular senescence burden.