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. 2023 Mar 31;11:e15129. doi: 10.7717/peerj.15129

Figure 1. Directed acyclic graph of the MR framework investigating the causal relationship between LTL and BD.

Figure 1

Instrumental variable assumptions: (1) Genetic instrument variables (GIVs) should be strongly associated with LTL. (2) The GIVs must not be associated with confounders that may play a role in the relationship between LTL and BD. (3) The GIVs should only influence the BD via LTL. SNPs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms; LTL, leukocyte telomere length; BD, bipolar disorder; IVW, inverse-variance-weighted; MR, Mendelian randomization.