Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of prophylactic- and endoscopy-driven groups with endoscopy ≤ 12 months.
| Low-riskpatients [n = 55] | High-risk patients [n = 148] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prophylactic n = 11 | Endoscopy-driven n = 44 | p-value | Prophylactic n = 37 | Endoscopy-driven n = 111 | p-value | ||
| Clinical variables | |||||||
| Gender | Female, n [%] | 6 [54.5] | 32 [72.7] | 0.25 | 22 [59.5] | 69 [62.2] | 0.77 |
| Age [at time of surgery] | Median years [IQR] | 28 [24–38] | 30 [23–48] | 1 | 33[24–47] | 33 [25–44] | 0.86 |
| Disease duration | Median years [IQR] | 2 [0–4] | 4 [1–7] | 0.17 | 9 [3–16] | 5 [1–13] | 0.03 |
| Age at diagnosis, n [%]a | -≤16 years old [A1] | – | 4 [9.1] | 0.22 | 10 [27.8] | 14 [12.7] | 0.03 |
| - 17–40 years old [A2] | 10 [90.9] | 28 [63.6] | 0.09 | 24 [66.7] | 84[76.4] | 0.25 | |
| -≥40 years old [A3] | 1 [9.1] | 10 [22.7] | 0.22 | 2 [5.6] | 12 [10.9] | 0.34 | |
| Disease location, n [%]b | - Ileal disease [L1] | 7 [63.6] | 31 [70.5] | 0.46 | 14 [38.9] | 64 [58.2] | 0.04 |
| - Colonic disease [L2] | – | – | – | 1 [2.8] | – | 0.09 | |
| - Ileocolonic disease [L3] | 4[36.4] | 11 [25.0] | 0.46 | 21 [58.3] | 46 [41.8] | 0.08 | |
| - Upper GI involvement [L4] | 1 [9.1] | 2 [4.5] | 0.63 | 6 [16.7] | 14 [12.7] | 0.55 | |
| Disease behaviour, n [%]c | - Non-stricturing/penetrating [B1] | 1 [9.1] | 15 [34.1] | 0.09 | 1 [2.8] | 11 [10.1] | 0.17 |
| - Stricturing [B2] | 9[81.8] | 25 [56.8] | 0.09 | 19 [52.8] | 42 [38.5] | 0.13 | |
| - Penetrating [B3] | – | – | – | 16 [44.4] | 56 [51.4] | 0.47 | |
| - Perianal disease [P] | – | – | – | 16 [45.7] | 27 [24.8] | 0.02 | |
| Previous IBD-related surgery, n [%] | - Appendectomy | 1 [9.1] | 2 [4.5] | 0.61 | 2 [5.4] | 8 [7.2] | 0.71 |
| - ≥1 prior resection | – | – | – | 15 [40.5] | 27 [24.3] | 0.06 | |
| - ≥2 prior resections | – | – | – | 7 [18.9] | 7 [6.3] | 0.02 | |
| Smoking post-surgery, n [%]d | - Active smoker | – | – | – | 8 [21.6] | 38 [35.2] | 0.13 |
| - Non-smoker | 9 [81.8] | 35 [79.5] | 0.51 | 28 [75.7] | 66 [61.1] | 0.11 | |
| - Ceased smoking | 2 [18.2] | 4 [9.1] | 0.51 | 1 [2.7] | 4 [3.6] | 0.77 | |
| Treatment 12 weeks prior to surgery, n [%] | - Immunomodulator only | 6 [54.5] | 16 [36.4] | 0.29 | 24 [64.9] | 28 [25.2] | 0.00 |
| - Anti-TNF only | 4 [36.4] | 16 [36.4] | 0.89 | 20 [54.1] | 36 [32.4] | 0.02 | |
| - Anti-TNF combination | 2[18.2] | 4 [9.1] | 0.46 | 12 [32.4] | 15 [13.5] | 0.01 | |
| - Vedolizumab | – | – | – | – | 2 [1.8] | 0.28 | |
| - Ustekinumab | – | – | – | 1 [2.7] | 1 [0.9] | 0.45 | |
| - Corticosteroids | 5 [45.5] | 20 [45.4] | 0.93 | 7 [18.9] | 32 [28.8] | 0.24 | |
| Surgical variables | |||||||
| ASA fitness grade, n [%]e | -1 | 2[18.2] | 10 [22.7] | 0.83 | 4 [10.8] | 20 [18.5] | 0.28 |
| -2 | 6 [54.5] | 31 [70.5] | 0.65 | 31 [83.8] | 85 [78.7] | 0.51 | |
| -3 | 1 [9.1] | – | 0.06 | 2 [5.4] | 3 [2.8] | 0.47 | |
| Surgery indication, n [%]f | - Perforation | – | – | – | 8 [22.2] | 36 [33.3] | 0.21 |
| - Stenosis | 10 [90.9] | 23 [52.3] | 0.01 | 23[63.9] | 54 [50.0] | 0.15 | |
| - Refractory disease | – | 20 [45.5] | 0.01 | 5 [13.9] | 18 [16.7] | 0.69 | |
| Type of anastomosis, n [%]g | - Side-to-side anastomosis [SSA] | 10 [90.9] | 42 [95.5] | 0.37 | 32 [91.4] | 90 [90.9] | 0.93 |
| - End-to-side anastomosis [ESA] | – | 1 [2.3] | 0.48 | 1 [2.9] | 6 [6.1] | 0.46 | |
| - End-to-end anastomosis [EEA] | 1 [9.1] | – | 0.08 | 2 [5.7] | 3 [3.0] | 0.49 | |
| - Extracorporeal | 8 [72.7] | 26 [59.1] | 0.45 | 17 [53.1] | 60 [60.6] | 0.46 | |
| Surgical accessh | - Laparotomy | 1 [9.1] | – | 0.07 | 12 [33.3] | 30 [27.3] | 0.49 |
| - Laparoscopic | 9 [81.8] | 44 [100] | 0.01 | 19 [52.8] | 78 [70.9] | 0.05 | |
| - Conversion | 1 [9.1] | – | 0.07 | 5 [13.9] | 2 [1.8] | 0.03 | |
| Temporary ileostomyi | Yes, n [%] | 5 [45.5] | – | 0.01 | 1 [4.5] | 14 [32.6] | 0.01 |
| Days reversal of ileostomy, median [IQR] | 140 [128–336] | – | – | – | 149 [90–237] | – | |
| Length of resected ileumj [cm] | Median [IQR] | 15 [8.5–25.5] | 20 [12–28] | 0.46 | 20 [10–38] | 20 [12.5–25] | 0.2 |
| Extended resectionk [≥50cm ileum resected] |
Yes, n [%] | – | 1 [2.3] | 0.52 | 4 [11.4] | 3 [2.9] | 0.04 |
| Histology | |||||||
| Granulomas in resection specimenl | Yes, n [%] | – | – | – | 9 [30.0] | 38 [40.4] | 0.31 |
Values in bold are significant.
IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; GI, gastrointestinal; IQR, interquartile range; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; immunomodulator [azathioprine; 6-mercaptopurine; 6-thioguanine; methotrexate]; anti-TNF [infliximab; adalimumab or golimumab].
Missing variables low-risk, n [%]: a, 2[3.6%]; b, 2 [3.6%]; c, 2 [3.6%]; d, 5 [9.1%]; e, 5 [9.1%]; f, 2 [3.6%]; g, 13 [23.6%]; i, 29 [52.7%]; l, 15 [27.3%].
Missing variables high-risk, n [%]: a, 2 [1.4%]; b, 2 [1.4%]; c, 2 [1.4%]; d, 3 [2.0%]; e, 3 [2.0%]; f, 4 [2.7%]; g, 14 [9.5%]; h, 8 [5.4%]; i,83 [56.1%]; j, [%]; k, 8 [5.4%]; l, 24 [16.2%].