Table 1.

Antiviral nature of cyanobacteria

S no.	Cyanobacterial potent for antiviral compound	Compound isolated	Natural product class	Target virus	Function	Reference
1	Nostoc ellipsosporum	Cyanovirin-N (CV-N)	Protein	HIV HSV-6 MV SIV FIV HCV IV RVs SARS-CoV-2 EBOV HHV-6	Anti‐syncytia formation (inhibits the viral release) Inhibition of the viral entry by binding to the gp-120	Mazur-Marzec et al. (2021), Chatterjee et al. (2015), Barrientos et al. (2004), Li et al. (2022), Barrientos et al. (2003), Dey et al. (2000), O’Keefe et al. (2003), Singh et al. (2017), Smee et al. (2008, 2007)
2	Microcystis viridis	M. viridis lectin (MVL)	Protein	HIV-1 HCV	Reduction of initiation markers, such as CD69, CD25, and HLA-DR, by syncytium formation with healthy CD4 T cells	van Gremberghe et al. (2011)
3	Microcystis aeruginosa	Microvirin (MVN)	Protein	HIV-1 HCV	Anti‐syncytia formation (Inhibit the viral release)	van Gremberghe et al. (2011)
4	Scytonema varium	Scytovirin (SVN)	Protein	HIV HCV SARS-CoV-1 EBOV	Binding to the viral coat proteins gp-120, gp160, and gp41 but not to cellular receptor CD4 or other tested proteins SVN inhibits the viral replication by binding to the mucin domain of the Ebola virus glycoprotein	Garrison et al. (2014)
5	Oscillatoria agardhii	Oscillatoria agardhii agglutinin (OAAH)	Protein	HIV-1 and 2	Inhibition of virus replication	Sato et al. (2007), Férir et al. (2014)
6	Aphanothece halophytica	Exopolysaccharide (EPS)	Exopolysaccharide	IAV	Inhibits very early step of viral replication, i.e., virus attachment and/or penetration to the host cells	Shalaby and Dubey (2018), Zheng et al. (2006)
7	Arthrospira platensis and Oscillatoria sp.	Methanol extract	NA	RV	Via binding to viral capsids preventing them from attaching to cell receptors	Deyab et al. (2020)
8	Leptolyngbya boryana, Arthrospira platensis, Nostoc punctiforme, Oscillatoria sp., Leptolyngbya sp.	Methanol extract	NA	CVB		Deyab et al. (2020)
9	Microcystis, Nodularia, Oscillatoria, Scytonema, Lyngbya, and Calothrix	Aqueous and methanolic extract	NA	IAV	Inhibits virus replication via inhibition of specific protease enzymes	Zainuddin et al. (2002)
10	Microcystis ichthyoblabe	Ichthyopeptins A and B	Protein	IAV	Protease inhibition (inhibit virus)	Zainuddin et al. (2007)
11	Microcystis ichthyoblabe	Microginins	Peptides	SARS-CoV-2	Inhibitory activity against angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)	Mazur-Marzec et al. (2021)
12	Scytonema sp.	Sulfoglycolipid (Sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol)	Lipid	HIV-1	Inhibition of reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerases	Singh et al. (2011)
13	Spirulina platensis	Calcium spirulan (Ca-SP)	Sulfated polysaccharide	MV, HSV-1, HCMV, IAV, MuV, HIV-1	Blockage of viral replication by inhibiting the penetration of the virus into the host cell	Hayashi et al. (1996)
14	Spirulina sp.	Pure Spirulina extract	NA	SARS-CoV-2	Via enhancement of T cell responses T helper cells targeting the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. The strong T cell response will suppress SARS-CoV-2 infection further arresting its proliferation	Peter (2020)
15	Nostoc flagelliforme	Nostoflan	Carbohydrates	HSV-1, HSV-2, CMV, and IAV	Inhibition of virus-cell interaction	Dembitsky and Řezanka (2005), Kanekiyo et al. (2005)
16	Gloeocapsa turgidus, Synechococcus cedrorum	Polysaccharides	Carbohydrates	RABV and HSV-1	Anti-protease inhibition	Shalaby and Dubey (2018), Zheng et al. (2006)
17	Lyngbya confervoides	Lectin	Protein	HSV-1	Inhibits plaque formation in the HSV-1 infected Vero cells	El-Fakharany et al. (2020)
18	Dichothrix baueriana	Bauerines (A, B and C), b-carbolines polyhalogenated aromatic compound	Indolo-quinazoline alkoloid	HSV-2	Inhibit cytopathic effect (CPE) and reduce the number of plaques formed in infected mink lung cells	Larsen et al. (1994), Vasas et al. (2010)
19	Nostoc sphaericum	Indolo [2,3-a]-3-methoxy-4- cyanocarbazole; N-methylindolo [2,3-a]-3-methoxy-4-cyanocarbazole	Alkaloids	HSV-2	Inhibits virus	Knübel et al. (1990)
20	Lyngbya lagerhimii, Phormidium tenue	Sulfolipids	Lipid	HIV	Inhibition of virus activity	Gustafson et al. (1989)
21	Trichodesmium erythraeum	3-Methoxydebromoaply- siatoxin Anhydrodebromoaply-siatoxin Debromoaplysiatoxin	NA	CHIKV	They target a step in the virus replication cycle that occurs after viral entry	Gupta et al. (2014)
22	Arthrospira platensis	Lipoprotein	Lipoprotein	IAV	Decreased histopathology	Pugh et al. (2015)
23	Arthrospira platensis	Lipoprotein	Lipoprotein	H1N1	Upregulate IL‐1β, TNF‐α, (IL)–8, MCP‐1, MIP‐1, MIP‐1, IP‐10, COX‐2	Pugh et al. (2015), Grzanna et al. (2006)
24	Arthrospira platensis	Arthrospira crude extract	NA	HSV-1	Prevent virus adhesion to host cells	Shih et al. (2003)
25	Lyngbya majuscula	Dolastatin 3	Peptides	HIV‐1	Anti‐HIV‐1 integrase (inhibit the viral replication cycle)	Kanekiyo et al. (2007)
26	Spirulina platensis	Phycobili-protein	Protein	MS‐2 ΦX‐174	Virucidal	Boyd et al. (1997)
27	Arthrospira platensis	Allophyco-cyanin	Protein	EV71	Prevent virus adhesion to host cells	Lee et al. (2001)
28	Nostoc, Phormidium, Oscillatoria, Chroococcus, Schizothrix, Aphanocapsa, Synechococcus, Aphanothece, Xenococcus	Cyanobacterial extracts	NA	HIV‐1	Anti‐RT (inhibit the viral replication cycle)	Buffa et al. (2009)

HIV Human immunodeficiency virus, HSV-6 Human herpesvirus 6, MV Measles virus, SIV Simian immunodeficiency virus, FIV Feline immunodeficiency virus, HCV Hepatitis C virus, IAV Influenza A virus (IV), RVs Rhinoviruses, SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, EBOV Ebolavirus, HHV-6 Human herpesvirus 6, RV Rotavirus, CVB Coxsackieviruses B, CMV Cytomegalovirus, MuV Mumps virus, RABV Rabies virus, HSV-2 Herpes simplex virus 2, CHIKV Chikungunya virus, H1N1 swine flu virus, EV71 Enterovirus‐71, NA not available