Table 2.
Key outcomes and study conclusions
| Study (year) | Incremental costs | Incremental QALYs/LYG | Main conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sun et al. (2018) [23] | $235.76 (annual screening vs no screening) | 0.0286 QALY (annual screening vs no screening) | The probability of the risk-based breast cancer screening programme in urban China being cost-effective is nearly 100% at the threshold of US $23,050/QALY, with an ICER of $8253/QALY |
| Sun et al. (2019) [24] | $186.7 (screening every 3 years vs no screening) | − 0.20 QALY (screening every 3 years vs no screening) | Clinical breast examination and ultrasound as the primary tool in rural China leads to higher costs and poorer health with a discounted ICER of − $916/QALY |
| Sun et al. (2022) [25] |
$132 (multigene testing vs no testing; payer perspective) $82 (societal perspective) |
0.018 QALY (multigen testing vs no testing) | Family history/clinical-criteria-based BRCA testing was dominated. Unselected multigene testing had an ICER of $4506/QALY (societal perspective) and $7266/QALY (payer perspective), which were well below the threshold of $10,260/QALY and significantly cost-effective |
| Wang et al. (2021) [26] | Not reported | Not reported | At a threshold of $30,785/LYG, biennial mammography screening was cost-effective in urban China with a discounted ACER of $17,309/LYG. It was also the optimal scenario with a discounted ICER of $25,261/LYG compared to other scenarios |
| Yang et al. (2018) [27] |
Per 100,000 simulated cohort (1) $12.19 million (annual screening vs no screening) (2) $6.2 million (biennial screening vs no screening) (3) $4.15 million (triennial screening vs no screening) |
Per 100,000 simulated cohort (1) 1583 QALYs (annual screening vs no screening) (2) 839 QALYs (biennial screening vs no screening) (3) 1587 QALYs (triennial screening vs no screening) |
Annual community-based breast cancer screening and screening every 3 years were 100% cost-effective for a WTP threshold of $20,272/QALY |
ACER average cost-effectiveness ratio, ICER incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, LYG life year gained, QALY quality-adjusted life year, WTP willingness-to-pay