Table 3.

Characteristics of cost estimation

Study (year)	Direct costs		Indirect costs	Cost data source	Intervention cost (unit)	Total cost of baseline strategy
	Medical costs	Non-medical costs
Sun et al. (2018) [23]	(1) Questionnaire (2) Screening (3) Biopsy for diagnosis (4) Treatment DCIS Stage I–IV	Not specified	Productivity loss	Cancer Screening Programme in Urban China; literature	Screening: $85.5	$335.43
Sun et al. (2019) [24]	(1) Screening (2) Biopsy for diagnosis (3) Treatment DCIS Stage I–IV	Not specified	Productivity loss	Rural breast cancer screening programme; literature	Screening: $22.7	$230
Sun et al. (2022) [25]	(1) Genetic testing (2) Minimizing breast cancer and OC risk RRSO (and HRT and osteoporosis prevention) RRM (and reconstruction and complications) CPM (and reconstruction and complications) Breast cancer screening for non-carriers Breast cancer screening for mutation carriers Chemoprevention (4) Diagnosis and treatment Ovarian cancer diagnosis and initial and follow-up treatment Breast cancer diagnosis and initial and follow-up treatment (5) Terminal care Ovarian cancer Breast cancer with fatal CHD Breast cancer with excess CHD	Not included	Productivity loss (temporary and permanent disability, premature mortality)	Urban Basic Medical Insurance Database in China; Word Bank; literature	Genetic testing: $367	$4686 (payer perspective) $6808 (societal perspective)
Wang et al. (2021) [26]	(1) Screening (2) Biopsy for diagnosis (3) Medical treatment during 2 months before and 10 months after diagnosis	(1) Additional meals and nutrition (2) Transportation (3) Accommodation (4) Informal nursing (5) Other out-of-pocket costs	Not included	Tianjin Development and Reform Commission; literature	Mammography: $34	$79.1 million per 100,000 simulated cohort
Yang et al. (2018) [27]	(1) Clinical breast examination (2) Community health service (3) Evaluating abnormal results(ultrasound and mammography) (4) Biopsy of diagnosis (5) Primary treatment (inpatient and outpatient cost of treating invasive cancer and DCIS) (6) Follow up treatment (outpatient cost of follow-up screening test, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy)	Not specified	Not included	Project management of rural women "Two Cancers" in 2010; literature	CBE: $4.3 Mammography: $29.0 Ultrasound: $10.2	Per 100,000 simulated cohort $108.27 million (annual screening vs no screening) $102.28 million (biennial screening vs no screening) $100.23 million (triennial screening vs no screening)

DCIS ductal carcinoma in situ, CPM contralateral prophylactic mastectomy, RRSO risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy, RRM risk-reducing mastectomy, CHD coronary heart disease