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. 2023 Apr 3;13:5404. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-32487-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In vitro experiments of g-C₃N₄ and GO. (A) Cell viability using Live/Dead assay for hFOB cells cultured on g-C₃N₄ and GO nanomaterials for 7 days. Live cells were stained green and dead cells were stained red (Scale bar represents 100 µm, Magnification = 10 ×). (B) MTT cytotoxicity assay for cell viability of hFOB cultured using extracts of g-C₃N₄ and GO nanomaterials for 1, 3 and 7 days compared to the negative control. Error bars represent means ± standard deviation (n = 8). (C) Hemolysis assay using extracts of g-C₃N₄ and GO nanomaterials compared to the negative control. q-PCR analysis for mRNA expression of collagen type 1 (Col-1) (D), osteocalcin (OC) (E), and osteopontin (OP) (F) in negative control cells and on g-C3N4 and GO nanomaterials for 28 days, respectively. Error bars represent means ± SD; n = 3 for each group and time point. Bars with the same letter represent not significantly different values (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD post hoc test).